Fungi and Some Seedless Plants

Fungus, Protists, Seedless Plants, Seed Plants, and Animals

Opithokonta

The Eukaryotic Super group containing fungi, animals, and some protists

Fungal Accessory DNA

loops of DNA outside of the nucleus similar to plasmids in Bacteria

Chitin

provides the fungal cell walls with structural support

Melanin

pigment shared by both fungi and animals that protects from uv radiation

Glycogen

storage molecule shared by fungi and animals

Ergosterol

functions similar to cholesterol within fungi

S. earevisiae

Fungi species used when making bread

C albican

Fungal species often lives in female reproductive organs that may become infectious

yeasts

fungi that live in damp enviornments, two commonly known are brewers yeast and vaginal yeast

mycelium

large body of the fungi that consists of a large web of connected hypha

hypha

part of fungi that extracts nutrients and moves them around the fungal body

Septate Hypha

have cell walls separating nuclei, each cell wall contains a pore to allow for cytoplasmic streaming

Coenocytic (aseptate) hypha

Hypha have no borders separating cellular fluid

Cytoplasmic Streaming

process in which cytoplasm moves throughout the organism body to transport nutrients and waste, this results in rapid growth

Absorptive Heterotrophs

means fungi rely on other organisms for nutrients and absorb those nutrients out of the cytoplasm

Process in which Fungi extract nutrients

hypha penetrate the cell wall but not the cell membrane of the host, so that the host may continue to live

Hydrolic Enzymes

Fungi excrete this so that they may digest organic matter before ingesting it

Saprobes

heterotrophs that feed on dead and decaying matter such as fungi

Haustoria

specialized fungal cells utilized for parasitic or mycorrhizae relationships

Fungal predation

rare case in which fungi “catch” nematodes for nitrogen

Fungal Spores

haploid cells with protective coating

Haploid mycelium

result of fungal spores germinating on food sources

Conidiospores

spores produces asexually by the hypha and are distributed by the hypha, these grow in ascomycetes

Sporangiospores

produced by sporangia released by sporangia,

Sporangiophore

name of hypha containing sporangia

Budding

nucleus of the cell divides and product splits off into a new cell

Fragmentation

bits of mycelium grow into a new organism

Positive and Negative

Fungal mating types

Homothallic

both mating types are present within the same mycelium

Heterothallic

mycelium require another compatable mycelium to reproduce

plasomogamy

fusion of a positive and negative haploid gamete

Specifically fusion of the cytoplasm

heterokaryotic stage

hypha have unfused haploid nuclei

karygomy

nuclei fuse together

Chytrids

most primitive eumycota

Unicellular with flagellated zoospores

multicellular with coenocytic hypha

aquatic sap robes or parasites

Zygomycota

hypha are coenocytic

mostly saprobes some may be parasitic to insects

mostlly reproduce asexually by sporangiospores

zygosporangium may produce zygospores

Ascomycetes

“sac fungi”- majority of fungi species

sexual spores are referred to as ascospores from within saclike ascus

asexual spores are conidiospores

Basidiomycetes

club fungi- most edible fungi

sexual spores which are most common and known as basdiospores are located within a cup like basidium

basidium most often contained in a familiar mushroom shape

Glomeromycota

mutualistic relationships with other organisms

species have mycorrhiza relationships

mycorrhiza

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants in which the fungi is responsible for maintaining moisture and the plant provides moisture

Lichens

describe the combined physical body of the plant and fungi in the mycorrhiza relationship

Soredia

process of reporducing of organisms as a dual organism

C. purpurea

produces ergot on rye and grasses

ergot

mycotoxin caused by C purpurea

mycosis

infection is caused by fungi

Archeaplastida

supergroup containing land plants such as seedless and seeded plants

Charophytes (green algae)

most closely related living ancestor to seedless plants

cellulose

contained within the cell walls of charophytes and plants

starch

storage molecule within plants

apical meristem

cluster of cells that is constantly mitotically active, found on root tips and shoots and allows the plant to stretch towards more nutrients

waxy cuticle

coat that prevents desiccation or dehydration, have pores for gas exchange

lignin

supports cell wall in plants

sporopollen

protects plant spores from chemical and biological dehydration