Exam 2 Set

The _____ model views illness as a biological malfunction to be fixed with scientific interventions, ignoring social context.

Biomedical

The process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical issues is called _____.

Medicalization

The reverse of medicalization, when a condition is removed from medical framing, is called _____.

Demedicalization

Conditions whose medical legitimacy is disputed by doctors or patients are called _____ illnesses.

Contested

The tendency to explain health and behavior primarily through genetics is called _____.

Geneticization

The study of how environment and behavior can turn genes on or off is called _____.

Epigenetics

_____ _______ refers to how individuals perceive, evaluate, and respond to symptoms — varies by culture, gender, and class.

Illness behavior

Inert treatments that produce real physiological effects due to belief and context are called _____.

Placebos

A mark of disgrace that discredits a person based on a condition or identity is called _____.

Stigma

Pain lasting 3+ months without a clear biological cause is called _____ pain.

Chronic

Non-biomedical treatments used alongside conventional medicine are called _____ therapies.

Complementary

The _____ norms are shared beliefs about what is true, such as what causes illness.

Cognitive

The _____ norms are expectations about how people should behave, such as following doctor's orders.

Performance

The _____ norms are expectations about what emotions are appropriate when sick.

Feeling

Parsons' _____ theory outlines four expectations for people who are legitimately ill.

Sick role

Under the sick role, patients are _____ from normal duties such as work or school.

Exempt

Under the sick role, patients must _____ to seek medical help and comply with treatment.

Obligated

A key critique of the sick role is that it ignores _____ illness, where patients never fully "recover."

Chronic

Sociologists consider people with disabilities a minority group because they face _____ based on a shared characteristic.

Discrimination

The social model of disability argues the problem lies in _____ barriers, not in the individual body.

Societal/structural

The medical model of disability treats it as a personal _____ to be cured or rehabilitated.

Tragedy/defect

Chronic pain disproportionately affects women partly because doctors are more likely to _____ their pain.

Dismiss

The _____ ____ model predicts how likely someone is to seek treatment based on perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits.

Health Belief

According to the Health Belief Model, people are most likely to comply with doctor recommendations when they believe _______ outweigh the _____.

benefits, costs

A critique of the Health Belief Model is that it ignores _____ barriers like cost and transportation.

Structural

The _____ refers to informal advice from family and friends consulted before seeing a doctor.

Lay referral network

Concealing a stigmatized condition from others is a stigma management strategy called _____.

Passing

Reducing the obtrusiveness of a visible stigma is called _____.

Covering

The theory that social stressors like poverty and discrimination cause mental illness is called _____ theory.

Social stress

The theory that mental illness causes people to drift into lower social classes is called _____ theory.

Social drift

The _____ is considered a political document because it is shaped by pharmaceutical lobbying, cultural norms, and professional interests.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)

Homosexuality was removed from the DSM in _____, an example of demedicalization.

1973

Goffman's concept of _____ institutions describes settings that strip people of identity and autonomy (e.g., psychiatric hospitals).

Total

The process by which total institutions strip patients of personal identity, possessions, and autonomy is called _____ of the self.

Mortification

When patients learn to behave in ways that match their diagnosis due to institutional expectations, this is called _____.

Institutionalization

_____ organizations limit mental health treatment through prior authorization and favor short-term, medication-based care.

Managed Care (MCOs)

Once someone is labeled as mentally ill, all their behavior is interpreted through that label — this is the _____ effect of labeling.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Saguy & Gruys argue that framing obesity as an 'epidemic' _____ body weight and assigns individual moral blame.

Medicalizes

Saguy & Gruys found that weight _____ can cause harm by increasing stress and discouraging people from seeking healthcare.

Stigma

According to Lurie, foster children became a psychiatric hospital target partly because they are covered by _____ and lack stable adult advocates.

Medicaid

Lurie found that UHS hospitals were incentivized to keep patients longer because their revenue came from ______ __ ____.

length of stay

In "The Business of Being Born," a _____ of interventions describes how one medical intervention (e.g., Pitocin) often leads to the need for others.

Cascade

The documentary argues that medicalization of birth shifted control from _____ (historically women) to male-dominated medicine.

Midwives

For low-risk pregnancies, the documentary shows that outcomes from certified midwife-attended home births are _____ to hospital births.

Comparable

The documentary argues that the _____ labor position (standard in hospitals) benefits the doctor, not the mother.

supine

Doctors as gatekeepers who determine who gets sick role legitimacy are an example of medicine functioning as _____ _____.

Social control