AP Credit Psych Exam

Test May 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Established the first psychology labratory

Edward Bradford Titchener

* Structuralism
* Self reflective introspection (looking inward)
* Observation of one’s experiences (how do sense react to a situation)

William James

* Functionalism
* Influenced by Darwinism
* The function of mental and behavioral processes enable organism to adapt over time

Margaret Floy Washburn

* Experimental Psychology
* The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

John Watson

* Dismissed introspection
* redefined psychology as the “scientific study of observable matter”
* You can observe and record people’s behavior as they respond to different situations
* Suggested that our behavior is influenced by learned associations, through a process called conditioning
* Behaviorist
* Believed he could take well-formed, healthy infants and raise them into any position/job
* Baby Albert Experiment

Baby Albert Study

* Proved that classical conditioning can be taught in humans
* Baby Albert was previously unafraid of a rat, but when taught that he should be afraid, he became scared of the rat

Behaviorism

* Scientific study of observable behavior
* Behavior is influenced b conditioning
* BF Skinner
* John B Watson

Psychodynamic

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* Unconcious thought and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect behavior
* Fighting off impulses
* Sigmund Freud

Humanistic Psychology

* Emphasizes the potential of healthy people
* Needs must be satisfied to reach potential
* Carl Rogers
* Abraham Maslow

Cognitive Neuroscience

Linking brain activity with perception, thinking, memory, and language

Social-Cultural Psychology

Impact of the social environment on the individual

Biological

* Biological factors influence behavior


* Genes, hormones, nervous system

Empiricism

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Structuralism

Early school of thought promoted by Windt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Functionalism

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin- explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Experimental Psychology

The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Behaviorism

The view that pschology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)

Humanistic Psychology

A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

Cognitive Neuroscience

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes

Nature-Nurture Issue

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Natural Selection

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto suceeding generations

Levels of Analysis

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

Biopsychosocial Approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Behavioral Psychology

The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

Biological Psychology

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuroscicologists, behavior genetisists, psychological psychologists, or biopsychologists)

Cognitive Psychology

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Evolutionary Psychology

The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

Psychodynamic Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscience drives and conflicts influence behavior, and sees that information to treat people with psychological behaviors

Social Cultural Psychology

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

Psychometrics

The scientific stud of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

Developmental Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Educational Psychology

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Personality Psychology

The study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Industrial Organizational Psychology

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optomize human behavior in work places

Human Factors Psychology

An Industrial Organizational psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made osafe and easy to use

Counseling Psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Clinical Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies, asseses, and treats people without psycholoical disorders

Psychiatry

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Community Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affects individuals and groups

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes reffered to as a rerieval practice effect or test

SQ3R

A study method incorporating five steps

* survey
* question
* read
* retrieve
* review

Socrates

Philosopher-teacher who concluded that mind is seperable from body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is born with us

Plato

Student of Socrates who helped Socrates

Aristotle

Plato’s student who had a love of data. Derived principles from careful observations

Rene Descartes

Agreed with Socrates and Plato. His concept of mind forced him to conjecture how to immaterial mind and physical body

Francis Bacon

One of the founders of modern science. Was fascinated by the human mind and its failings

John Locke

British philosopher who argued that the mind at birth is a “blank slate” in which experience writes

Charles Darwin

Evolutionary theorist

Mary Whiton Calkings

Memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Institution

Carl Rogers

Human psychologist that believed in drawing attention to ways that current enviornmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and having the need of love and acceptence satisfied

Abraham Maslov

Hierarchy of needs

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning

Jean Piaget

The last centuries most influential observer of children

Dorthea Dix

Led the way to humane treatment of those with psychological disorders

Martin Seligmen

Called for more research on human strengths and human flourishing

Henry Roediger

Memory researcher of the testing effect

Surprising Repitition

Multiple members of the same family who are born on the same birthday

Simultaneous Events

Two people who phone eachother at exactly the same time

Parallel Lives

Two people in a small group who share a birthday or an unusual name

Uncanny Patterns

Picking letters in a scrabble that spell your name

Unlikely chain of events

Losing false teeth overboard and finding them inside a fish you caught twenty years later

Surprising Repitition

Three people wearing the exact same outfit

Simultaneous Events

Two people go to open a door at the same time

Parallel Lives

People having parents with the same names

Uncanny

Picking up the first item on a rack and its your size

Unlikely chain of events

Seeing somebody you know in a different state/country

The Scientific Method

Self correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answers: purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Descriptive Research Method

Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

Correlational Research Method

Associate different factors or variables

Experimental Research Method

Manipulating variables to discover their effects

Case Study

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Naturalistic Observation

Observing and recording behaviors in natural occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Survey

Using a random sampling to get self-reported information

Behaviorism Survey example

Rewarding a dog for doing a trick, by giving them a treat when they do good

Psychodynamic Survey example

When people raise their hand uncociously when asked a question

Humanistic Psychology Survey Example

Surveying people about mental health; and splitting it up into two catagories: people with chronic illness and people without

Cognitive Neuroscience Survey Example

Hitting a ball against a wall seeing how long it takes for people to respond

Social Cultural Survey example

Survey between people who have social media and people who don’t

Biological Survey Example

Seeing if parents with the same mental illness pass it down to their kids

Philip Tetlock

Psychologist who conducted an experiment on overconfidence

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Critical Thinking

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions asseses the source, discerns certain values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Theory

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts behaviors or events

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Operational Definition

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligency test measures

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Case Study

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing universal principles

Naturalistic Observation

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Survey

A technique for ascerting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Sampling Bias

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Population

All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn (except for national studies, this does not refer to a countries whole population)

Random Sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Schemas

Mental representations of the world

Accomidation

The schema is changed to fit the characteristics of the new object ( Your parents are Santa Clause)

Jean Piaget

* knowledge builds as children grow, children develop logic and think differently at different ages
* realizes that objects exist even though they can not see or touch it (example: hiding a toy)
* Representational thought: children can picture something in their mind (Piaget’s 14 month tantrum)

Piaget’s Conservation Principle

* Children under 5 do not seem to be able to think about two dimensions at the same time
* Ex: drinking from a tall/short dress
* Children at this age are egocentric: they are unable to understand other peers perspectives

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

* Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
* Preoperational (2-8 years)
* Concrete Operational (7-12 years)
* Formal Operational (12-adult)