EWP3 key dates

c.1400 - c.1650. Think I've covered all my notes

1400

Space saver

1404

Florentine Leonardo Bruni’s In Praise of Florence has equality under law and elections as part of the ideal state

1405

People of Saltash refuse to pay the Church until their inadequate vicar is removed

1415

Portuguese conquest of Ceuta, Morocco

1415

Barbaro advocates choosing a virtuous wife for the good of the children in de re uxoria

1416

Rediscovery of Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria

1417

Western schism (starting 1378) finally resolved with the election of another pope, Martin V

1424

Portuguese capture Madeira

1427

Florentine Catasto

1438

Book of Margery Kempe completed

1440

Humanist Catholic priest Lorenzo Valla challenges the Pope’s ability to grant territory through the Donation of Constantine

1450

Alberti publishes De Pictura, giving technical advice on painting

1453

Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, drives some Greek scholars West

1455

Portugal granted Papal Bull for African slave trade

1462

Beginnings of the Florentine Platonic Academy under Cosimo de’ Medici

1479

Portuguese renounce claim on Canary Islands to Spain

1487

Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope

1492

Castilian forces take Granada, arguably end of reconquista

1492

Columbus’ Spanish-backed voyage crosses the Atlantic

1493

Papal Bull Inter Caetera grants Spain the Americas and a duty to convert

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas divides the globe between the Portuguese East and Spanish West

1498

Portuguese Vasco da Gama makes a hugely profitable first landing in Calicut

1500

Spanish population outnumbers Portuguese 4 to 1

1501

Erasmus publishes The Handbook of the Christian Soldier, advocating virtuous actions over ritual

1509

Bergamo and Cremona rebel from Venice, defacing lion statues

1511

Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounces treatment of Native Americans

1512

Laws of Burgos attempt to reduce enslavement of Native Americans in Spanish America

1513

Machiavelli’s controversial The Prince published posthumously

1513

Pope Julius II dies, his statue in Bologna defaced

1513

Medici patriarch elected Pope Leo X, placing the family in authority over Florence

1513

Tamas Bakocz, chancellor to Ladislas II (of Poland-Hungary), gets a Papal Bull for a crusade against the Ottomans, gathering and army of 40,000 in a year

1516

Erasmus publishes the idealized guide Institutio Christiani Princips for the future Charles V

1516

Concordat of Bologna grants Francis I the appointment of all senior French clergy

1516

Charles V inherits Castille and Aragon

1516

Erasmus publishes a multilingual New Testament

1516

Thomas More publishes Utopia

1517

Luther publishes his 95 theses for debate in Wittenburg

1519

Charles V elected HRE

1519

Cortez begins expedition against Montezuma’s Mexica empire

1520

Portuguese embassy to the king of Ethiopia

1520

Charles V’s ‘joyous entry’ to Antwerp celebrates him as HRE and king of Spain

1520

Field of the Cloth of Gold meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France

1521

Pope Leo X proclaims Henry VIII of England ‘defender of the faith’ for his pamphlet against Martin Luther (the protestant Parliament would restate this title in 1541)

1522

Luther publishes a German translation of the Bible using Vulgate and Greek sources

1523

Kalmar Union (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) dissolved by Gustav Vasa’s election to Swedish monarchy

1524

Spain establishes the Council of the Indies

1525

German Peasant’s War asserts 12 articles, a very religious claim to rights (though details vary by copy)

1526

Charles V enters Seville through arches of Virtues

1527

Gustav Vasa reduces church land in Sweden

1528

After papal politics, Gian Matteo Giberti goes to his bishopric, Verona. Massively reforms religious comprehension

1529

Treaty of Sargossa revises Tordesillas with an Eastern meridian

1529

Colloquy of Marburg fails to unite Protestants over transubstantiation

1532

Portuguese Mesa da Consiencia established to interpret Papal decrees

1534

Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria disputes papal authority to grant secular American territory

1534

Goa becomes the first bishopric of the Portuguese Indies

1535

Charles V captures Tunis from the Ottomans, takes title Africanus, a new Scipio. Brings two historians on this campaign

1536

Pope Paul III declares Native Americans fully human

1540

Jesuits arrive in Portuguese America

1542

Failed attempt to implement the New Laws in Spanish America, which would have reduced settler power through encomiendas

1542

Roman inquisition established by Paul III

1545

Silver discovered in Peru

1545

Council of Trent begins, presided by Pope Julius III

1546

Silver coming in from Mexico

1547

Charles V defeats Protestant Schmaklaldic League at the battle of Mühlberg

1547

Trent affirms justification, seven sacraments

1548

Attempt to expand gabelle tax on salt results in revolt in Aquitaine, killing tax collectors. Revolt violently suppressed by Henry II, but the gabelle was not implemented here

1550

Inconclusive Valladolid debate on the rights of Native Americans

1550

Hapsburg family conclave fails to unite the house, splitting between Charles V’s brother Ferdinand (for HRE) and some Philip (for Spain)

1550

Giorgio Vasari publishes The Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors, and architects, focusing on native Florence. The artist is depicted as a cultural hero

1550

Russian Sudebnik (law code) centralises judicial system, away from the aristocracy. Duma required to confirm laws

1551

Trent affirms transubstantiation

1552

First Protestant delegation arrive at Trent (now in Bologna), to little effect

1552

Diet of Augsburg: HRE Ferdinand accepts Lutheran worship in Prince’s choice settlement

1552

Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies speaks of systemic cruelty

1555

Charles V abdicates HRE for a Spanish monastery

1555

Boyars refuse to swear loyalty to infant son during Ivan IV’s illness

1557

Paul IV issues papacy’s first banned books index

1559

Giovanni Angelo Medici elected Pius IV

1560

Tratado does Descolorimentos unusually combines coverage of both Iberian Empires

1562

Trent reopens for third session, debating absentee bishops, granting the laity the chalice

1562-98

French Wars of Religion

1564

Pius IV confirms Tridentine doctrines

1565

Spanish conquest of the Philippines under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

1565

Charles Borromeo becomes bishop of Milan, embarking on massive reform after the dioceses’ eighty years of neglect. Focuses on educating the clergy, Sunday schools, centralising fraternities

1571

Spain defeats the Ottomans at the battle of Lepanto

1571

Church of England issues Thirty-Nine Articles on key beliefs and practices

1572

St. Bartholomew’s day massacre of Huguenots in Paris leads to significant migration

1572

Luiz Vaz de Camoes publishes Os Lusiadas, a Portuguese epic celebrating Vasco da Gama in a Homeric style

1573

Croatian Revolt of c. 20,000 rebels, led by soldiers. Croatian land increasingly empty, enserfment and relocation of villages from aristocratic monopoly

1573

Feasting banned in oratories of Florentine confraternities

1575

Stefan Bathory elected king of Poland-Lithuania, on the condition he marries the Jageillonian Anna

1577

Lutheran Formula of Concord issued, defining key doctrinal issues.

1580

Spanish and Portuguese crowns held by Philip (II of Spain)

1589

Henry III of France assassinated, following his assassination of the leading nobles, the Guise brothers

1590

Edmund Spenser begins publishing The Faerie Queene in honour of Elizabeth I of England

1591

Aragon revolt against Madrid

1592

Sixtus V sponsors Vulgate revisions

1593

Henry IV of France (Navarre) pragmatically converts to Catholicism

1596

Austrian revolt triggered by demand for anti-Ottoman forces from an increasingly enserfed population

1598

Elizabethan decree for parishes to appoint ‘overseers of the poor’ to provide temporary and regular relief