Midterm Review - Abdomen Vascular

Tunica intima

Inner layer, consists of endothelial cell lining with connective tissue beneath

Tunica media

Middle layer, thickest component, composed of smooth muscle with elastic fibers and collagen

Tunica adventitia

Outer layer, composed of connective tissue, nerve fibers, and small vessel capillaries, contacts surrounding tissue

Arterioles

Small arteries 4 mm wide,'stopcocks' of vascular system with circular smooth muscle layers controlling contraction and resistance

Large arteries

Elastic arteries with less smooth muscle, including the aorta and its largest branches

Venules

Small veins with walls composed of connective tissue

Small and medium-sized veins

Diameters from 1 to 10 mm, thin tunica media, includes all veins except portal vein and vena cava

Large veins

Portal vein, IVC, and main branches, has thick outer layer with fibrous and elastic tissues

Venous valves

Unique to veins, prevents retrograde blood movement and are bicuspid inward projections of tunica intima

Sinus in veins

Enlarged area behind leaflets of venous valves, more numerous in lower extremities, absent in veins of thorax and abdomen

Capillaries

Smallest vessels, walls made of endothelial cells and basement membrane, where nutrient exchange occurs

Common carotid arteries (CCAs)

Left arises from aorta, right comes from brachiocephalic artery and bifurcates into internal and external carotid arteries

Internal carotid arteries (ICAs)

Lateral to external carotid artery (ECA), no extracranial branches and intracranial segment consisting of three portions: petrous, cavernous, and cerebral

External carotid arteries

Medial to ICA, several extracranial branches, does not supply blood to brain

External carotid arteries branches

Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, superficial temporal arteries

Vertebral arteries

Arise from subclavian artery, ascend through cervical vertebrae, enter skull through foramen magnum, forms basilar artery

Circle of Willis

Formed by ICA and vertebral artery branches, ICA terminates into four branches: anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior communicating, and anterior choroidal

External jugular vein

Returns blood from portions of cranial cavity, face, and neck, emptying into subclavian vein

Internal jugular vein

Returns blood from brain, face, and neck, courses anterolateral to ICA and CCA, and unites with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein

Vertebral vein

Formed from small tributaries, emerges from sixth cervical vertebra, empties into brachiocephalic vein

Ascending aorta

Begins at aortic valve, continues up and back, crosses trachea, curves down to become the descending aorta

Brachiocephalic artery

4 to 5 cm in length, divides into right CCA and right subclavian at sternoclavicular joint

Subclavian artery

Gives rise to branches that supply brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder, becomes axillary artery at outer border of first rib

Brachial artery

Begins at axilla, continues through upper arm to 1 cm below elbow joint, largest branch is deep brachial artery

Ulnar artery

Usually larger than radial, courses along ulnar border of forearm, terminates in deep and superficial palmar arch in hand

Radial artery

Passes along radial aspect of forearm to wrist, terminates in superficial and deep palmar arches in the hand

What is the cephalic vein?

Superficial vein that winds around radial border of forearm and empties into axillary vein.

Basilic vein

Superficial vein that courses along ulnar aspect of forearm and joins brachial vein to form axillary vein

Axillary vein

Single vein that begins at junction of brachial and basilic veins

Brachiocephalic veins

Formed at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins, one at each side of the base of the neck

Superior vena cava

Formed by junction of the two brachiocephalic veins, courses behind right side of sternum

Descending aorta

Continuation of aorta beyond aortic arch

Branches of the descending aorta

Bronchial, esophageal, phrenic, intercostal, subcostal arteries

Abdominal aorta

Begins at level of 12th thoracic vertebra (passes through aortic hiatus)

Celiac artery

First major anterior branch of aorta

Hepatic artery

Carries 30% of total oxygenated blood into the liver

Portal vein

Carries 70% of blood to liver, formed at junction of splenic and superior mesenteric veins

Superior mesenteric artery

Second anterior branch of aorta, supplies most of small intestine and some of the large intestine

Inferior mesenteric artery

Last anterior branch of aorta, supplies the large intestine

Renal arteries

Lateral branches of aorta, arise just below the superior mesenteric artery

What are testicular or ovarian arteries?

Anterolateral branches of the aorta; arise just below the renal arteries.

What are lumbar arteries?

Four pairs of vessels that course laterally and posteriorly along lumbar vertebrae.

What is the middle sacral artery?

Single artery arising off the posterior aorta; arises just above the aortic bifurcation.

What is the common femoral artery?

Continuation of the external iliac artery below the inguinal ligament.

What is the superficial femoral artery (SFA)?

Courses distally, passing through the adductor canal; becomes popliteal artery.

What is the popliteal artery?

Continuation of SFA; courses behind knee in popliteal fossa.

What is the anterior tibial artery?

Passes through interosseous membrane; courses distally in the anterior compartment of leg.

What is the posterior tibial artery?

Courses medially in the posterior compartment of the leg; runs behind the medial malleolus.

What is the great saphenous vein?

Longest vein in the body; ascends the leg medially with several tributaries.

What is the small saphenous vein?

Courses posteriorly up the calf; typically terminates into the popliteal vein.

What is the popliteal vein?

Medial to popliteal artery; moves lateral as it passes through adductor canal.

What is the common femoral vein?

Begins at the confluence of the femoral and profunda femoris veins.

What are hepatic veins?

Empty into the inferior vena cava; typically, the middle and left hepatic veins form common trunk.

What is the first branch of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk.

What is the first anterior branch of the abdominal aorta?

Celiac artery.

What is another name for the internal iliac arteries?

Hypogastric arteries.

What is the adductor canal?

Located in the thigh, between the quadriceps muscle and the adductor muscles.

What distinguishes large arteries from small and medium-sized arteries?

Large arteries are elastic arteries with less smooth muscle, such as the aorta.

How do veins differ from arteries in terms of wall structure?

Veins have thinner walls, are less muscular, and contain more elastic and collagen fibers.

What is the primary site for nutrient exchange in the body?

Capillaries.

What does the aortic arch give rise to?

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?

Deep brachial artery (profunda brachii).

What do the palmar arches supply?

Digital arteries in the hand.

What is unique about venous valves compared to arterial structures?

Venous valves prevent backflow of blood, while arteries do not have valves.

What is the diameter range for small and medium-sized veins?

1 to 10 mm.

What is the significance of the anterior communicating artery?

Connects the anterior cerebral arteries.

What arteries supply the brain and neck from the subclavian artery?

Branches of the subclavian artery including the vertebral arteries.

What artery supplies most of the small intestine?

Superior mesenteric artery.

What is the major tributary of the inferior vena cava in the abdomen?

Renal veins.

What artery bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries?

Aorta.

What artery continues distally to supply the lower extremities?

External iliac artery.

What artery bifurcates into anterior tibial artery and tibioperoneal trunk?

Popliteal artery.

What artery supplies the medial aspect of the foot?

Medial plantar artery.

What vein accompanies the superficial femoral artery?

Femoral vein.

What is the continuation of the dorsalis pedis veins?

Anterior tibial veins.

Where does the aorta bifurcate?

At the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra.

What artery arises just above the aortic bifurcation?

Middle sacral artery.

What vein courses through the abdomen to the right of the aorta?

Inferior vena cava.

What artery supplies the diaphragm?

Phrenic arteries.

What are the two components of total fluid energy?

Potential energy and kinetic energy.

What is potential energy in the context of blood flow?

Stored or resting energy, where blood moves from high pressure to low pressure.

Where is the highest pressure in the vascular system?

In the left ventricle of the heart.

Where is the lowest pressure in the vascular system?

In the right atrium of the heart.

What does kinetic energy represent in blood flow?

The energy of work or motion, represented by the velocity of moving blood.

What does the Bernoulli Principle state?

When a fluid flows without a change in velocity, the total energy content remains constant, providing no frictional losses.

What happens to pressure when blood velocity increases?

Pressure must decrease.

What is viscosity?

The property of a fluid that resists the force causing it to flow.

How does blood viscosity change with hematocrit levels?

Blood viscosity increases with increases in hematocrit.

What is inertia in the context of fluid dynamics?

The tendency of a body at rest to stay at rest or a body in motion to stay in motion.

What is volume flow?

The volume of something moved per unit time (milliliters per second).

What does Poiseuille's Law describe?

The steady laminar flow of Newtonian fluids and the pressure/flow relationships in the vascular system.

How does the radius of a vessel affect flow according to Poiseuille's Law?

The radius is raised to the 4th power and is directly proportional to flow.

What is the formula for velocity?

Velocity

What are energy losses in the vascular system due to viscosity?

Energy losses occur due to friction between bordering layers of fluid, converting friction to heat.

What is the significance of blood flow velocity in the vascular system?

It affects the pressure and energy dynamics within the system.

What is the effect of vessel diameter on blood flow?

Changes in diameter affect blood velocity and pressure according to the continuity equation.

What is hemodynamic resistance analogous to?

Electrical resistance according to Ohm's law.

How is resistance expressed in hemodynamics?

Resistance is equal to the pressure drop divided by flow.

What factors are constant in the circulatory system affecting resistance?

Blood vessel length and blood viscosity.

What primarily causes changes in hemodynamic resistance?

Changes in vessel radius.