APUSH unit 2 :(

salutary neglect

not enforcing statutes/acts because too hard or not in debt

indirect tax

tax on colonies but cost of tax already in price: positive reaction

direct tax

tax that is added to the product: negative reaction

specie

gold and silver coins; crown wants debt paid in it, not paper money

enumerated commodity

specific list of goods that could only be sold to Great Britain

writs of assistance

search warrants or illegal trade - broad

Mercantile Laws

said colonists could not export goods the British also export and skilled workers could not immigrate to the colonies

Navigation Acts

said everything on British ships had to be British with a 3/4 British crew, ships could only stop in British ports, and created a list of enumerated commodities (cash crops); trying to created a monopoly by controlling all trade - ended with Glorious Revolution

Molasses Act

tax on molasses (sugar) from any country but Britain; rum distillers in the North would get hurt and complain but not really enforced

Proclamation of 1763

says English settlers cannot cross the Appalachian mountains because Britain cannot protect them from Indians; result = Pontiac's Rebellion

Sugar/Revenue Act

cut Molasses Act in half, but enforced; created writs of assistance; colonists got upset, especially rum distillers

Currency Act

cannot print paper money and all debts had to be paid in specie; drains gold and silver reserves

Quartering/Mutiny Act

Britain sent soldiers to enforce laws; colonists had to pay for provisions or build barracks for soldiers; colonists see soldiers as intruders, not protectors

Stamp Act

first DIRECT tax; on all written documents; everyone had to pay it, so big uproar; colonists created a congress

Stamp Act Congress

asked for repeal of stamp act and wrote petitions to Parliament; wrote Declaration of the Rights of Grievances of Congress; Parliament repealed Stamp Act because not making money

Declaratory Act

Parliament could tax colonies anytime; more no taxation without representation

Townshend Act

external duties on paint, lead, tea, and glass; John Dickinson wrote response; Parliament repealed tax on everything but tea

John Dickinson

wrote "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer"

Tea Act

said colonists could only import tea from British East India Company because company about to go bankrupt; result = Boston Tea Party

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

In Massachusetts: closed Boston harbor until tea paid for; Great Britain officials' trials in England; quartering act - house soldiers; took away from legislature - now ruled by British and shut down taverns; result = Continental Congress

Quebec Act

Canada: reward for people there being good; allowed Catholicism, can follow French laws, extend boundary into Ohio River Valley; result = 1st Continental Congress

Philadelphia

site of first Continental Congress

12

number of colonies at first Continental Congress

Declaration of American Rights

Declaration by first continental congress that said Parliament has the right to regulate trade but shouldn't tax. It also said that each colony has the right to determine need for British troops.

boycott

First Continental Congress agreed to ________ British goods

Non Importation Agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

The Association

a group to enforce boycotts and Non-Importation agreements; agree to stockpile weapons; agree to meet one year later

Intolerable Acts

The First Continental Congress asks for repeal of the _______________________

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans; Paul Revere painted propaganda picture

Crispus Atticks

1st man killed in American Revolution - runaway slave

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

effigy

dummy hung by people and set on fire

John Adams

defended British soldiers in Boston Massacre - said it was self-defense

Thomas Gage

The British general who was in command of Boston and went after the stockpiled weapons at Concord

Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott

3 famous men from warning people of British attack on Concord

John Parker

Captain of the Lexington minutemen; leader at the Battle of Lexington in April 1775, where the first shots of the American Revolution were fired

Fort Ticonderoga

on Lake Champlain (NY) - full of weapons; Ethan Allen leads group of militiamen - Green Mountain Boys (VT) and Benedict Arnold; transfer weapons to Boston

Henry Knox

In 1775 George Washington ordered him, the nation's first secretary of war, to bring the British artillery back to the siege of Boston (Dorchester Heights) that was captured at Fort Ticonderoga.

Thomas Paine

wrote "Common Sense;" inspires war/declares independence because "moral obligation" to split

Bunker Hill

a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war

Olive Branch Petition

last attempt to reconcile with Great Britain, Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

North Carolina

first state to advise independent vote (because Scotch-Irish)

Richard Henry Lee

issued first resolution for independence

Pennsylvania

almost voted against Constitution because it left out slavery

July 2, 1776

date of motion for independence passed

July 4, 1776

date of formal approval of Declaration of indepedence

56

number of signers of the Declaration of Independence

John Hancock

President of the Second Continental Congress

list of grievances

largest section of Declaration of Independence

Jefferson, Adams, Franklin

three authors of the Declaration of Independence

John Locke

wrote "Two Treaties on Government;" Jefferson emulated this work and its call for the rights of life, liberty, and property in the Declaration of Independence

Virginia Declaration of Rights, Two Treaties on Government, Richard Henry Lee's Resolution

3 sources used by Jefferson when writing the Declaration of Independence

independence, government, revolution

Three purposes of Declaration of Independence: declare _____________ from Great Britain, provide basis for new ______________, and justify _____________

navy, financial, military, population, Indians, slaves

Great Britain has a better _______, __________ and __________ power, much larger _____________, and help from __________ and ________ (because promise freedom)

home, enormous, motivation, generals, leadership, distractions

Great Britain is a long way from ______, dealing with ___________ colonies, had less ___________ (from Hessians and soldiers), kept changing _____________ (and bad choices from Howe), the __________ in England was bad (George III and Lord North), and they had other ___________ (Ireland, etc)

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers to populate the Ohio River Valley; created subsidized education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood (applying to Congress), included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

OH, IL, IN, MI, WI

5 territories/states created by Northwest Ordinance of 1767

Shay's Rebellion

a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts (on Springfield), led by Revolutionary War against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation (to revise the Articles of Confederation), attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Philadelphia Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States

George Washington

President of the Philadelphia Convention

12

number of states attending Philadelphia Convention

Rhode Island

only state to not attend Philadelphia Convention

James Madison

father of the Constitution - wrote it based on the Virginia Plan

Thomas Jefferson

first ambassador to France; called the Philadelphia Convention an "assembly of demigods"

John Adams

first ambassador to Great Britain

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

International Slave Trade

promised to end in 20 years (1808) by the Philadelphia Convention

imports, exports

The Philadelphia Convention called for a tax on _______ but not _______

William Paterson

author of the New Jersey Plan: keep Articles of Confederation but levy taxes and regulate commerce - plural executive with no power

Edmund Randolph

Because James Madison was soft-spoken, he got this man to introduce the Virginia Plan to the Philadelphia Convention

tariff laws

need 2/3 of Congress to approve these, not the normal 51%

4

how many years were the term lengths of the President?

Electoral College

elect the President; don't trust public

State legislators

Senate elected by

President

Federal Courts are appointed by the

people

House of Representatives elected by

9

How many states out of 13 need to ratify the Constitution?

RI, VA, NY, NC

4 states to not ratify the Constitution

November 1788

Month and year of election of 1st Federal Government (President, House, and Senate)

April 1789

Month and year of 1st Inauguration

Federalist

supporters of the constitution during the debate over its ratification; favored a strong national government

Hamilton, Madison, Jay

Three men who publicize answers to Anti-Federalists in the New York Newspaper

Anti-Federalists

opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independent states; want a Bill of Rights, a mention of God, less aristocracy, and no standing army

Federalism

powers of government split between the federal government and states and shared

Exclusive

federal rights

Reserved

state powers

Concurrent

shared powers

coin, military, postal, courts, interstate

Exclusive Rights: ________ money, _________ (declare war, send troops, and draft), _________ system, _______ (for breaking federal law), and ___________ trade

intrastate, public, elections, licenses

Reserved Powers: __________ trade, ________ education, ___________, and _______________

taxation, trade, money

Shared Powers: ___________, ______ laws, and borrowing _______

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties (because of demands from Anti-Federalists) - limits determined by courts

First

The constitutional amendment that establishes the five great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, of petition, and of assembly.

Second

The constitutional amendment that establishes freedom to bear arms

Third

The constitutional amendment that establishes no forced quartering of troops - in peace

Fourth

The constitutional amendment that establishes no illegal searches and seizures - no Writs of Assistance

Fifth

The constitutional amendment that establishes due process - court

Sixth

The constitutional amendment that establishes a fair and speedy trial