Bio unit 5 test

Macromolecules, Enzymes & Digestion Assessment

What are macromolecules?

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules composed of smaller subunits called monomers.

What elements are commonly found in living organisms (CHONPS)?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.

What's the difference between a monomer and a polymer? A monomer is a single unit or subunit, while a polymer is a chain or complex structure made up of multiple monomers.

A monomer is a single unit or subunit, while a polymer is a chain or complex structure made up of multiple monomers.

What are the 4 types of carbon-based macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

What is the monomer for each macromolecule?

• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (such as glucose)

• Proteins: Amino acids

• Lipids: There is no specific monomer for lipids, but they are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

• Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

What is Carbohydrates role in living things? What do they make up?

Provide energy and structural support (e.g., cellulose).

What is Lipids role in living things? What do they make up?

Energy storage, insulation, and component of cell membranes.

What is Proteins role in living things? What do they make up?

Structural support, enzymatic activity, signaling, defense, etc.

What is Nucleic Acids role in living things? What do they make up?

Store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA).

what happens in Dehydration synthesis

The synthesis of complex molecules by removing water. It is important for building macromolecules.

what happens in Hydrolysis

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by adding water. It is important for enzymatic digestion.

How do we test for lipids, simple/complex carbohydrates, and proteins in a laboratory setting?

continue

How do we test for Lipids

Sudan III or paper bag test.

How do we test for Simple/Complex Carbohydrates

Benedict's test for reducing sugars or iodine test for starch.

How do we test forProteins

Biuret test or ninhydrin test.

What are the 5 basic levels of life?

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms.

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

To break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells for energy and growth.

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through chewing, grinding, and churning. Occurs in the mouth and stomach.

Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms. Occurs mainly in the small intestine with the help of enzymes.

Accessory Organs

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.

Liver

Produces bile to aid in fat digestion and detoxifies substances.

Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes and secretes them into the small intestine. Malfunctions in these organs can lead to impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Some characteristics of enzymes include specificity, efficiency, and the ability to be reused.

How do enzymes work to catalyze a reaction?

Enzymes lower activation energy by binding to reactants, orienting them in the correct position, and inducing strain to break bonds.

What does it mean for an enzyme to be denatured?

Denaturation refers to the alteration of an enzyme's shape and loss of its function due to extreme changes in temperature, pH, or other environmental conditions.

How does Temperature affect the activity of an enzyme?

Enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they work most efficiently. Higher temperatures can increase reaction rates, but excessive heat can denature enzymes.

How does pH affect the activity of an enzyme?

Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they function best. Deviations from this pH can affect their structure and activity.

How does Substrate concentration affect the activity of an enzyme?

Increasing substrate concentration initially increases the reaction rate until the enzyme becomes saturated and cannot work any faster.

How does Enzyme concentration affect the activity of an enzyme

Higher enzyme concentration typically leads to increased reaction rates until the substrate becomes limiting.

What is the best pH for digestive enzymes in the small intestine?

Digestive enzymes in the small intestine work best at a slightly alkaline pH, around pH 8.

What is the best pH for digestive enzymes In the stomach?

Digestive enzymes in the stomach work best at an acidic pH, around pH 2.

Best temperature for human enzymes to work at

Human enzymes work best at body temperature (approximately 37°C) because they are adapted to function optimally under normal physiological conditions.

How does lactase work? What does it break down, and what does it result in?

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products, into glucose and galactose. This allows for the digestion and absorption of lactose in individuals who produce lactase.

How does catalase work?

Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2).

What happened in the liver lab?

In the liver lab, the release of oxygen bubbles indicated the presence of catalase activity.

What is enzyme inhibition?

Enzyme inhibition is the process by which an enzyme's activity is reduced or blocked.

What are the differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition: similar molecule binds active site, preventing substrate binding. Noncompetitive inhibition: molecule binds enzyme site other than active site, changing shape and preventing substrate binding.

How do different concentrations of substrate affect the rate of reaction when inhibitors are present?

Increasing substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition.