HSCI 101 Final Exam

what is athletic training

Athletic training is an allied health care profession that encompasses the prevention, examination, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of emergent, acute, or chronic injuries and medical conditions

5 tasks of athletic training

prevention, examination, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation

Areas of athletic training

Risk management and injury prevention, orthopedic clinical assessment and diagnosis, medical conditions and disabilities, acute care of injuries and illnesses

Where do AT work

Educational Institutions, Corporate Workplaces, The Military, Performing arts, Hospitals and Clinics

Training Settings

Schools, Collegiate Sports, Student Health Center, NASA, NASCAR

Definition of Athletic Trainers in Indiana

As a licensed member of the sports medicine team in the state of Indiana

Concept of sports medicine

Physicians, PA, PT, OT, AT, Nurse

Relationship between athletic trainers and physicians

work together to coordinate physician and emergency personnel coverage and to make sure the emergency action plan is practiced at least once annually with all parties involved

Pharmacists roles

Dispense prescriptions and physician orders, compound prescription drugs, drug exports, counsel and educate, immunizations

Prescriptive authority

collaborative agreements with physicians, statewide protocols, immunizations, diagnosis

Pre-pharmacy education and requirements for Purdue

need PharmCas, 2.5 GPA, pharm college application services, prerequisites, leadershp, passion, experience

where pharmacists work

community settings, institutional settings, managed care settings, ambulatory care settings, consultant pharmacy

what is public health

science of protecting and improving the health of people an their communities achieved by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, preventing and responding to infectious disease

public health vs. clinical and allied health

dealing with population, peoples wellbeing, and prevention and health promotion

three major areas of public health emphasis

assessment, policy development, assurance

major public health accomplishments in the 20th century

vaccinations, improved motor vehicle safety, safer workplaces, food safety

Public health fields

epi, EHS, OHS, global health

Primary graduate degree in PH

MPH degree and programs, BS, MHA

Four core areas of Purdue’s PH program

Behavioral, biostatistics, epi, health policy, management

Concept of dietetics

the science of how nutrition affects human health

Concept of dietitian

the trained individual who provides or select food, which is nutritionally adequate, safe, tasty and sustainable to human health

Professions of dietetics

med nutrition, public health/community, management, and private practice

Components of the term of Epi-demi-ology

on, upon, among, and people, populace, and a field of study

Definition of epidemiology

study of the distribution and determinants of disease or health outcomes in populations and the application of this knowledge to improve health 

Applications of epidemiology

Description of patterns of disease in populations, Identification of risk factors for disease, and Evaluation of treatment and prevention programs 

Types of epidemiology

by disease/condition, and by risk factor/ method

Where epidemiologists work

Health departments, federal agencies, international organizations, hospitals, academic institutions

Key skills for epidemiologists

critical thinking, teaching skill, detail, orientation, communication skill, and good math skills

Training for epidemiology

graduate degree, course in public health, statistics, masters, doctoral, post graduate training

Human development vs. child development 

Human development: encompasses the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur throughout a lifetime and Child development: focuses specifically on the childhood years

Concept of human development and family studies

interdisciplinary study with other social, medical, and public health sciences

Disciplines (4 majors) offered by HDFS

Developmental & Family Sci, Human Services, Early Childhood Education & Exceptional Needs, Family & Consumer Sci Education

Gerontology: what they do?

designed to introduce students to the breadth of subjects and perspectives related to aging and to potential career paths in gerontology, geriatrics, and other age‐related human services 

DVFS: Typical research topics in DVFS   

Child neglect and mental health outcomes, How couples manage one partner’s chronic illness, Healthy aging, Sleep patterns in childhood  

Human service: who should consider this major? 

Helping people, Social services, Non‐profit work, Outreach 

Definition of early childhood education

Prepares students to work with children ages birth through third grade, both typically developing and with special needs; leads to two teaching licenses 

Family and Consumer Sciences

Prepares students to teach middle and high school students a wide variety of life skills:  foods & nutrition, textiles & fashion, child development, interpersonal relationships, personal finance, etc. 

Links of HDFS to public health, occupational therapy, pediatrician, or counseling

Public Health, Occupational Therapist, Pediatrician, Counselor

Routes of exposure    

Inhalation, ingestion, dermal

Nature of environmental health hazards

Physics, Biomechanical, Psychosocial, Biological, Chemical

Arsenic exposure

Natural, Moves into groundwater, Contamination of groundwater a concern in many parts of the globe 

Arsenic adverse health effects   

Inorganic arsenic more toxic, Enters bloodstream and is distributed throughout the body, Acute toxicity  

Arsenic anthropogenic concern: as a pesticide, feed additive  

Pesticide, Feed additive

What is radiation

Energy in transit, either particulate or electromagnetic in nature 

Types of radiation 

Electromagnetic, Particulate Radiation, Ionizing Radiation 

Radiation and radioactivity   

Radioactive Material: any material (element, compound) which emits ionizing radiation, and Radiation Producing Device: Any man-made device (cyclotron, x-ray tube) that produces ionizing radiation 

Radioactive decay     

spontaneous emissions of “fragments” or “bundles” of energy from energetic nuclei creating more stable nuclei 

Electromagnetic and particulate radiation   

Electromagnetic: gamma rays and x-rays, Particulate Radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron particles 

Penetrating ability of various radiative particles   

Alpha particles (penetrate several cm in the air, but less than 0.1 mm in tissue) (paper), Beta particles (penetrate 18m in the air, and through tissue surfaces) (plastic), Gamma and X-rays (lead), Neutron particles (highly penetrating) (concrete) 

Sources of radiation  

Solar radiation , Nuclear medicine, X-rays, Food & Drink, Consumer products 

ALARA   

“As Low As Is Reasonable Achievable”, a philosophy of radiation safety that every reasonable effort should be made to minimize dose 

What is Health Physics and who is a Health Physicist? 

Profession devoted to protecting people and their environment from potential radiation hazards, while making it possible to enjoy the beneficial uses of radiation , HPs are dedicated to the development, education, and application of radiation safety and security 

What is occupational health?  

Area of work in public health to promote and maintain highest degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations 

Updated concept of occupational hygiene

the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation of protection from risks associated with exposures to hazards in the workplace that may result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the well-being of workers and members of the community 

Industrial hygiene

to eliminate or minimize the exposure of environmental or work hazards on human or public health by engineering controls and good housekeeping.   

Occupational health

Area of work in public health to promote and maintain highest degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations 

Updated concept of occupational hygiene

the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation of protection from risks associated with exposures to hazards in the workplace that may result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the well-being of workers and members of the community 

Industrial hygiene

to eliminate or minimize the exposure of environmental or work hazards on human or public health by engineering controls and good housekeeping

Occupational health

to deal with exposure-caused human health issues, to provide medical examinations and give medicines to improve health, to anticipate (early detection) and to control occupational diseases

History of occupational health: 4 major periods

1) Classic period: US Workers Compensation Law (1902) that initiated the workers safety concern and the concept of IH, 2) OSHA (1970) established by the landmark law on Occupational Safety and Heath ACT, 3) downsizing, 4) deregulation 

CIH: certified industrial hygienist vs. non-CIH  

CIH > non-CIH average base salary 

Types of hazards in the working place

chemicals, radiation, noise (75% farm workers with some hearing loss), heat/cold stress, biological agents, and ergonomics.   

Exposure assessment  

Sampling and Analysis, NIOSHA Methods, OSHA Methods, ASTM Methods

Acceptable risk

occupational (>1/10,000) vs. residential (1/1,000,000)   

Basic principles of Industrial Hygiene

recognition, evaluation, and control 

Hierarchy of controls

Elimination (substitution/modification) -> engineering control -> adm control -> Pwork practices àPE (least effective)  

Most effective (high cost) and least effective control (low cost such as PPE) in industrial hygiene    

Most effective: substitution/modification, Least effective: PPE 

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation: ionizing EM vs. non-ionizing EM

Ionizing (ultraviolet, X-ray gamma rays), Non-ionizing (radio, microwave, infrared, visible) 

Characteristics of X-ray/gamma-ray

short wavelength, high energy, ionizing 

Examples of ionizing radiation

x-ray, gamma ray, radiation therapy, PET, CT  

Medical physics disciplines

therapeutic, diagnostic, and nuclear MP  

Examples of non-ionizing radiation

MRI, ultrasound, radio, microwave, infrared, visible 

X-ray was discovered in Nov 8, 1895

International Day of Radiology  

Nuclear Imaging

SPECT: (3D) (two gamma cameras), PET: (3D)

MRI

(derived from NMR) (non-ionizing, RF radiation) (best for soft tissue contrast) (image acquisition is slow) (magnet is always on) 

Ultrasound

(reflection of high-frequency sound waves can be constructed into an image)(acoustic impedance describes tissue stiffness)(safety imaging modality)(image quality worse than MRI and CT) 

Which of these are the safest imaging modalities

Ultrasound 

Path towards a medical physics career

Certification by the American Board Of Radiologists (ABR) needed for clinical practice, Bachelor of Science in related field, Certificate, Masters or PhD in CAMPEP approved Program, 2-year clinical residency program in CAMPEP approved program 

Median salary of medical physicists with M.S. or Ph.D.   

M.S (185K) Ph.D. (195k) 

Concept of psychology

systemic study & applications related to behavior

Clinical Psychology   

Applied psychology as a behavioral health profession, Abnormal behavior and mental health, especially moderate to severe psychological disorders, Basic and applies research, Assessment and diagnosis, Treatment, prevention, program evaluation 

Counseling psychology    

Focus on “common” life transitions and “mild-to-moderate” behavior problems, Often work in HS/college counseling, Diminishing distinction from clinical 

Evidence-based practice of psychology  

Research, Client Values, Clinical Skill 

What is a poison

All things are poisons and none without poison. Only the dose determines that a thing is a poison

What is toxicology

The study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on people, animals, and he environment. 

History of Toxicology

Our ancestors recognized snakes to be poisoning, They engraved snake on the cave wall, They used snake venoms for hunting, warfare, and assassination for power

Types of toxicities or poisonings

Acute, Subchronic, Chronic

Types of toxic exposures

Accidental, Incidental, Intentional

Concerned areas of toxicologists    

EVERYTHING 

Three major functions the toxicologists play     

Response to concerns on health issues, Conduct field and laboratory research, Find solutions for health issues 

Toxicologist’ responsibilities   

INVESTIGATE, INTERPRET, and COMMUNICATE the adverse effects associated with chemical, physical, or biological agents in humans, animals, and environment