too much damn studying ch7 bones and all that

Axial Skeleton

Central part of the skeleton, includes skull and vertebrae. 80 bones

skull

vertebral column

Hyoid

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

sternum

from superior to inferior composed of manubrium, sternum, and xiphoid process

ribs

12 total pairs, 1-7 true ribs, 8-10 false ribs that attach indirectly via cartilage, 11-12 floating ribs

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle, supporting axial skeleton. 126 bones

Long Bones

Compact bone in diaphysis and spongy in epiphysis

Short Bones

Somewhat cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width spongy bone (except surface)

Flat Bones

Generally thin and composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone

Irregular Bones

Complex-shaped bones, e.g., vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bones

Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress

Sutural Bones

- Small bones located within joints (sutures) between certain cranial bones

Sutures

Joints where flat bones of the skull meet.

Coronal - Squamous - Lambdoid - Sagittal

Frontal Bone

Forehead bone, part of the cranial structure.

Parietal Bone

Two bones forming the top and sides of the skull.

Temporal Bone

Bones located at the sides of the skull.

Processes

Projections/outgrowths • Help form joints • Attachment points for connective tissue • Ex: ligaments, tendons

Occipital Bone

Bone forming the back of the skull.

Sphenoid Bone

Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull.

Articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together • Forms part of floor, sidewalls, and rear wall of orbit

Ethmoid Bone

• Major superior supporting structure of nasal cavity

Forms: - Part of anterior portion of cranial floor - Medial wall of orbits - Superior portions of nasal septum - Most of superior sidewalls of nasal cavity

Paranasal Sinuses

Paired cavities in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones • Lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with lining of nasal cavity• Functions - Produces mucus - Resonating chambers for sound

skull functions

• Protect and provide support for brain, nerves, blood vessels, and special sense organs• Attachment for muscles on outer surface • Facial bones form framework of face

frontal bone landmarks

Supraorbital foramen, Frontal sinuses

temporal bone landmarks

- Mandibular fossa - External auditory meatus - Mastoid process - Internal auditory meatus - Styloid process - Carotid foramen - Jugular foramen

occipital landmarks

Foramen magnum - Occipital condyles

sphenoid landmarks

Sella turcica - Greater wings - Lesser wings - Optic foramen - Sphenoidal sinuses

ethmoid landmarks

Cribriform plate - Olfactory foramina - Crista galli - Perpendicular plate - Middle nasal concha - Ethmoid sinuses

Nasal bone

bridge of nose

maxilla

Forms part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate

zygoma

Articulates with frontal, maxillae, sphenoid, and temporal bones

lacrimal bone

lacrimal=tears

Smallest bones of the face

palatine bone

L-shaped bones forming the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and small portion of the floors of the orbits

inferior nasal conchae

form lower part of lateral walls of nasal cavity (turbinates)

vomer

Articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae and palatine bones along the midline

Mandible

lower jaw

Maxillae landmarks

Infraorbital foramen - Maxillary sinus

mandible landmarks

Condylar process - Coronoid process - Mental foramen - Mandibular foramen

fontanelles

Enables fetal skull to modify size and shape for birth - Permits rapid growth of brain in infancy

uses intramembranous ossification

orbit openings

Optic foramen - sphenoid bone - Superior orbital fissure - sphenoid bone - Inferior orbital fissure - maxillary bone - Supraorbital foramen - frontal bone - Lacrimal fossa - lacrimal bone

cervical vertebrae number

7 vertebrae

c1-atlas

c2 axis

thoracic vertebrae number

12 vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae number

5 vertebrae

sacral number vertebrae

1 made up of 5 fused vertebrae

coccyx vertebrae number

1 made of 4 fused vertebrae

anteriorly convex

bulging out

lumbar and cervical

anteriorly concave

cupping in

thoracic and sacral

cervical characteristics

3 Foramina - Vertebral - Transverse (2)

• Unique Landmarks - Transverse foramen C1-C7 - Bifid spinous processes of C2-C6

atlas c1

- NO body or spinous process - Permits up and down movement of the head as to signify "yes" - Atlanto-occipital joint

axis c2

Axis C2 - Permits side-to-side rotation of the head to signify "no" - Atlanto-axial joint - Unique Landmark • Dens

thoracic characteristics

Unique Landmarks - Facets - Demifacets - superior and inferior

lumbar vertebrae

strongest

sacrum characteristics

Unique Anterior Landmarks - Sacral promontory - Anterior and posterior sacral foramina - Sacral canal

rib landmarks

Head - Neck - Tubercle