UC Scout APES Midterm
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117 Terms
What do you call the variation within species that allows populations to adapt to environmental changes?
genetic diversity
3 multiple choice options
What is the main atmospheric gas involved in the cycling of carbon?
Carbon dioxide
3 multiple choice options
The phosphate-rich manure of fish-eating birds is known as:
Guano
3 multiple choice options
Which one of the following is caused by the Coriolis effect?
The global wind and water currents are shifted about 30º to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and 30º to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
3 multiple choice options
Which defines "community"?
the total of the populations of all species present in an area
3 multiple choice options
A forest burns to the ground. What happens in its succession?
the soil remains, often with seeds that become the pioneer species
3 multiple choice options
Which one of the following is not a form of precipitation?
ozone
3 multiple choice options
The conversion of molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful for plants is called:
Nitrogen fixation
3 multiple choice options
For an organism to fit into a new niche, it must:
Evolve
3 multiple choice options
Lichens and mosses are facilitators and represent _______ species in ______ succession.
pioneer; primary.
3 multiple choice options
When the resource needs of two different species overlap, they cannot coexist for long. This finding is called:
The competitive exclusion principle
3 multiple choice options
An ecotone:
is the region of transition between biomes
3 multiple choice options
Which one of the following statements about climate is true?
Climatic changes have occurred since earth's formation.
3 multiple choice options
Abiotic factors, like water, air, soil pH, temperature, and nutrients are just as vital to the ecosystem as biotic processes. Across the globe, these abiotic factors exist at different levels. The reason we don't see polar bears in the African savannah is because species only exist with a specific:
range of tolerance
3 multiple choice options
Ecology is best described by the following quote:
"The earth's thin film of living matter is sustained by grand scale cycles of energy and chemical elements." - Scientific American, September 1970
3 multiple choice options
"Widely spaced, sparse vegetation where every living organisms must have an adaptation that protects it from overheating and losing too much moisture" describes adaptations for life in which biome?
desert
3 multiple choice options
A realized ecological niche is:
the conditions within which the organism is actually surviving, taking into account other factors like predation and competition.
3 multiple choice options
For an organism to fit into a new fundamental niche, it must:
Evolve
3 multiple choice options
Ocean current flow affects:
All of these are correct
3 multiple choice options
_______ occurs with the accumulation of independent genetic changes in one population over time. These accumulated changes causes a population that was once homogeneous to become two separate populations. This is the result of genetic drift.
Genetic divergence
3 multiple choice options
The mechanism for speciation occurs via:
reproductive isolation
3 multiple choice options
Producers are important in the food chain because:
they convert solar energy into chemical energy
3 multiple choice options
Within the hydrologic cycle, water exists in its three forms at the Earth's surface: solid, liquid and gas. In which reservoir and in which phase does water spend the greatest amount of residence time?
Groundwater; liquid
3 multiple choice options
How do humans interfere with the phosphorus cycle?
Using fertilizers and detergents
3 multiple choice options
Abiotic factors, like water, air, soil pH, temperature, and nutrients are just as vital to the ecosystem as biotic processes. Across the globe, these abiotic factors exist at different levels. The reason we don't see polar bears in the African savannah is because species only exist with a specific
range of tolerance
3 multiple choice options
Humans directly interfere with the carbon cycle by
Clearcutting forests.
3 multiple choice options
An excessive amount of nitrate in a lake due to agricultural runoff can:
. Stimulate rapid growth of algae and lead to eutrophication.
3 multiple choice options
A fish lives in a lake. Which of the following best demonstrates the interaction of the fish with the biosphere?
The fish uses dissolved oxygen from the water and eats plants grown on the bottom sediments of the lake
3 multiple choice options
Gross Primary Production (GPP) is described by all of the following except
It is the rate at which the energy use is stored and available for use.
3 multiple choice options
These organisms generally live longer, with a greater range of tolerance, but they do not maximize their current environment, because they do not have a specific niche.
These organisms thrive almost any and everywhere, but don't have a niche that only they can fill.
These organisms have the ability to withstand environmental change.
These statements best describe:
Generalists
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the best example of a situation where an environmental degradation has had a delayed reaction?
Damage and depletion to the ozone layer
3 multiple choice options
An entomologist noticed an absence of ants in an area of land that is known to have received applications of a certain group of pesticides. The entomologists collects a quantity of ants and repeats this experiment in the laboratory.
The entomologist sets up a control group of ants in a terrarium with no pesticide, and a group of experimental ants in a terrarium with the pesticides applied to a portion of the space. The experimental ants are observed to avoid the pesticide applied area, and the control group of ants roam their terrarium freely.
In this scenario, what is the dependent variable?
Where in the terrarium the ants roam
3 multiple choice options
The impact of a hunter-gatherer society is considered lower because:
They gave nature time to restore between uses
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the best example of a point source water pollutant?
Factory effluent
3 multiple choice options
The sun's energy:
is the earth's ultimate energy source.
3 multiple choice options
When forms of matter or information or energy flow out of the system and penetrate some portion of the environment, like the ocean or atmosphere, ground water or soil, these output receivers are called:
Sinks
3 multiple choice options
His concept of land ethic expanded the capacity of humans as protectors of nature, changing the position of Homo sapiens from conquerors to members and citizens of the land community.
Aldo Leopold
3 multiple choice options
A/an __________ is someone who is primarily interested in establishing new wilderness areas.
Preservationist
3 multiple choice options
In 1974, Chemists discovered that a class of chemicals called ______s were responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion.
CFC
3 multiple choice options
The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used without reducing its availability is called the:
Sustainable yield
3 multiple choice options
These have the smallest wavelengths and emit the highest form of harmful ionizing radiation.
Gamma particles
3 multiple choice options
According to the graph, the increase in CO2 concentration, in parts per million between 1970 and 1990 is closest to:
30ppm
3 multiple choice options
A change that causes a lessening of the original path of change is an example of a:
negative feedback loop
3 multiple choice options
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
biological systems that reduce entropy also lead to a corresponding increase in entropy elsewhere in the environment.
3 multiple choice options
Energy can be formally defined as:
the ability to do work and transfer heat
3 multiple choice options
Refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on this graph. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species ›4›of a small mammal in an ecosystem. At which lettered point do you see the population decreasing at greatest rate
D
3 multiple choice options
Carrying capacity is reached for a species in an ecosystem when:
The rate of population growth levels off due to environmental resistance
3 multiple choice options
Which of these is a reason why pollution clean-up is problematic?
All of the above
3 multiple choice options
"I am only one person, what I do to deplete a resource can't possibly have an impact on such a huge system."
This statement is in line with a philosophy articulated by Garrett Hardin in 1968, referred to as:
The Tragedy of the Commons
3 multiple choice options
High-quality energy is not required for:
Heating a home
3 multiple choice options
"Life In the Woods", and "Man and Nature" were both published by:
Two early environmentalists that began the conservationist movement
3 multiple choice options
Many people believe that with the development of better technology, we can recycle and reuse everything indefinitely. However, according to _____, also called the law of entropy, energy is lost each time it is used and reused.
The second law of thermodynamics
3 multiple choice options
The 1980 federal legislation established to manage hazardous waste disposal is called the:
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
3 multiple choice options
A non-renewable resource is considered to be depleted when _____ has been used.
80%
3 multiple choice options
All of the following are examples of a positive feedback loop, except:
A thermostat
3 multiple choice options
John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892. His _________ worldview clashed with the __________ view the government had long held. He lead the preservationist movement encouraging protection from exploitation of public land wilderness and proposed the establishment of a national park system on public lands.
conservationist; environmentalist
3 multiple choice options
A tentative explanation of observations is called a _____. For this to become accepted, it must meet these two attributions: it must be an explanation of data and predictions and it must be reproducible, meaning it can be tested repeatedly and consistently and yield the same results.
hypothesis
3 multiple choice options
A paradigm shift:
occurs when new breakthroughs re-define the workings of the world significantly alter our understandings of the world.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors can affect human carrying capacity?
All of these can affect human carrying capacity.
2 multiple choice options
This population age structure diagram indicates which of the following:
the population is growing slowly
3 multiple choice options
Age-structure pyramids represent:
the relative numbers of males and females at different age levels.
3 multiple choice options
Women who marry early in life
are more likely to have larger families.
3 multiple choice options
Which is the best explanation for why educating women influences population size?
They would be literate and better able to make educated choices about family planning.
3 multiple choice options
A revolution in farming occurred about 5000 years ago with the invention of:
the plow
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following countries has the lowest birth rate?
Germany
3 multiple choice options
Changes in populations are termed:
population dynamics
3 multiple choice options
Which is considered a density-dependent limiting factor?
food competition
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following countries is currently experiencing rapid population growth?
India
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following has the smallest ecological footprint?
A vegetarian living in an undeveloped country.
3 multiple choice options
Carrying capacity is abbreviated by:
the letter K
3 multiple choice options
If everyone in the world lived at the USA standard of living, the human carrying capacity of the Earth would be:
much lower
3 multiple choice options
The two most populous nations in the world are:
China and India
3 multiple choice options
Of the following, which could reduce one's ecological footprint?
All of these can reduce one's ecological footprint
3 multiple choice options
The family size that people have is influenced by:
All of these
3 multiple choice options
If a population depletes its resources to the point they are unable to sustain the population in the future, that population has:
Exceeded carrying capacity.
3 multiple choice options
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, in how many years will the population double?
20 years
3 multiple choice options
The rural family size in a developing country can be reduced by
mechanizing farming methods.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following would be an effective means to reduce the growth rate of a country?
Decrease the birth rate
3 multiple choice options
What is the major reason why Brazil and Israel have high birth rates and population growth rates?
High percentage of the populations that belong to orthodox religious faiths that promote large families.
3 multiple choice options
Malthus studied:
human population numbers
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following are typical expenses incurred while raising a child in a country with a high standard of living?
All of the above.
3 multiple choice options
A practical scheme for reducing worldwide population growth would be:
equalizing the levels of education and opportunity of men and women.
3 multiple choice options
A transitional nation will experience:
high birth rate and low death rate, high population growth.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following does not affect population dynamics?
language spoken
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is not an example of quick waste?
the ceramic plate used for serving dinner.
3 multiple choice options
Long ago, doubling the world population had little impact on the environment because:
The human population was very small at that time.
3 multiple choice options
Carrying capacity is a concept that:
applies to humans as well as plants and other animals.
3 multiple choice options
Compared to developing countries, the standard of living in the USA is:
much higher
3 multiple choice options
The reality is that protecting all endangered and threatened species is impossible due to limited funds. As such, many environmentalists recommend protecting species that:
Play a critical role in the environment; for example, keystone species
3 multiple choice options
Which is not a typical ocean fishing method?
spearing
3 multiple choice options
____ is an interdisciplinary applied science that involves developing methods and software tools for interpreting biological data.
. Bioinformatics
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is not an approach to the protection of biodiversity?
The economics approach
3 multiple choice options
The introduction of ________ into a habitat is a leading cause of premature extinction. This may occur accidentally or intentionally.
non-native species
3 multiple choice options
Loss of genetic diversity:
may make a species less able to reproduce.
3 multiple choice options
Minimum viable population estimates the smallest number of individuals required to:
Perpetuate the population in a region for a specific period of time
3 multiple choice options
In performing a wetland delineation, you discover a depression at the top of a hill where trees have thickened trunks and shallow roots.
This finding:
indicates the presence of a wetland based on the high water table.
3 multiple choice options
Second-growth trees growing out of secondary ecological succession would be present in all of the following forests except:
old growth
3 multiple choice options
Mining and livestock grazing are permitted on federal wilderness lands if:
such operations existed prior to an area's designation as wilderness.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is not a reason for preserving wilderness?
It provides a good place to drill for oil.
3 multiple choice options
Salmon are sometimes raised in captivity and then later released. This aquaculture method is known as:
fish ranching.
3 multiple choice options