Nocti Review Standard 1 + 2

What are professional work habits in biotech?

Knowledge of procedures, safety, attention to detail, and organization.

What are key tasks in maintaining a work area?

Cleaning, equipment calibration, glassware washing, proper storage, labeling, and maintenance

What is effective task management?

Using organizers, preparing reagents, labeling, and troubleshooting systematically

Why is teamwork important in biotech

It’s reduces errors, increases safety, and aligns goals among team members

What makes teamwork effective?

Assigned roles, communication, shared accountability, and using each person’s strengths

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Using biological systems to develop useful products

Examples of biotech applications

Bacteria makes insulin, genetically modified crops

Who regulates gene therapy and GMOs

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

What does the CDC do?

Prevents health, safety, and security threats

What does the FDA ensure?

Safety and effectiveness of drugs, food, and medical devices

What does OSHA ensure?

Safe working conditions through training and standards

Who discovered DNA’s double helix?

James Watson + Francis Crick

Who produced X-ray images of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein → trait

What are the steps of PCR?

1. Denaturation (95C)

2. Annealing (55C)

3. Extension (72C)

What enzyme is used in PCR

Taq Polymerase

What separates DNA fragments by length?

Gel Electrophoresis

What are the phases of drug development

Discovery, Preclinical, Clinical, FDA Review, Post-Market

What are the 4 phases of clinical trials

Phase 1: SAFETY

Phase 2: EFFICACY

Phase 3: DOSING/SAFETY

Phase 4: LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS

James Watson + Francis Crick

Discovered the double helix of DNa

Rosalind Franklin

Made the X-ray crystallography images of DNA that Watson + Crick used to determine the structure of DNA

Francis Crick

Determined the central dogma of molecular biology. DNA to RNA to protein. Never proteins to DNA. Rarely RNA to DNA

Erwin Chargaff

Discovered that the amount of T was equal to the amount of A, and the amount of A, and the amount of C was equal to the amount of G, which led Watson + Crick to devise the rules of base pairing

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Jonas Salk

Polio vaccine

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics and the study of heredity

Herbert Boyer + Stanley Cohen

Recombinant DNA

Keith Campbell + Ian Wilmut

Cloned Dolly the sheep

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Difference in DNA sequences between people produce different bands on a gel

Ethidium Bromide (EtBr)

Sometimes added to running buffer during the separation of DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. Used because upon binding of the molecule to the DNA + illumination with UV light source, the DNA banding pattern can be visualized

Bioremediation

Used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil, and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate forthwith of microorganisms that degrade the target pollutants

Bioterrorism

Involves intentional release of dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria viruses insects fungi or toxins and may be in a naturally occurring or a human modified form

PCR

amplifies DNA / copy machine

gel electrophoresis

separated by size

spectrophotometer

measures light absorbance + concentration