Ms. Winkler's Version: Midterm Review

Qin Dynasty

(221-206 BCE) Dynasty that ended the warring states and was led by Shih Huang Ti. Used Legalism as its base of belief.

Tao

The way or path in the Chinese philosophy of Taoism

Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha

Totems

Based on feeling of kinship that humans have for other creatures or objects in nature. Often involves identification of a tribe or clan with an animal (but sometimes with plant, sun, moon or stars).

magic

When in religion this refers to people performing formulas, dances, incantations- not to control nature but to ask for favor of gods Example: Prayer

divination

Prediction of the future

myth

Poetic way of telling a great truth. Example: Story of Buddha's birth or any origin story

The Shang Dynasty

This was the second dynasty in China, the Shang dynasty had written records called Oracle Bones.

The Zhou Dynasty

The third dynasty in China. The Warring States happened and the Period of 100 Schools (Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism invented)

The Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty was ruled by Shih Huang Ti who united the warring states, started construction on the Great Wall of China, standardized writings, currencies, and weight and length measurements. Additionally, The Qin dynasty adopted legalism.

Face

What we show to others to scrutinize. We have different sides to us depending on who we are with.

who were the aryans and what role did they play in ancient Indian history? when did they arrive in the indus valley?

Foreigners from the north who are believed to have migrated to India and settled in the Indus Valley and Ganges Plain from 1800-1500 BCE. there literature, religion, and modes of social organization shaped the course of Indian culture and created the Caste System.

Perusha

Being from origin story in India. He is everything. He is a being who becomes a sacrificial victim of the gods, and whose sacrifice creates all life forms including human beings.

how far back do we find evidence of religion?

Cro-Magnon Man (before homo sapiens) - (at least 30,000 years ago)

what did neolithic religions look like?

Agricultural society = ownership

More leisure time

Society was more dependent on fertility of nature

So...religion was based on fertility of the soil, humans, animals, gods represented through the sun, moon, stars and seasons

Did Genghish Khan want to be painted

No

Genghis youth hardships

He killed his half brother and had it very hard, family was kicked out of clan after father was poisoned. He was enslaved and his wife was kidnapped.

Is there a founder of Hinduism?

there was no single founder. Aryans influenced development of Hinduism.

What does the caste system have to do with reincarnation?

Hindus believe if you are a person of good morals and qualities you will be reincarnated in a higher caste.

rituals

Rites, ceremonies, rituals (this could include rites of passage). Example: Baptism, Bar Mitzvah, etc.

taboo

Certain actions must be avoided

Kshatriyas Caste

The second highest level of the castes, Warriors and leaders

Mongols

Conquered most of Asia, united by Genghis Khan

Sudra

Lowest caste other than untouchables; Farmers, unskilled laborers, servants

4 passing sights

1. A Sick Man

2. A Old Man

3. A Dead Man

4. Wandering Ascetic Mong -who appeared to have found a path for dealing with the reality of suffering & and death

Vaishya Caste

second lowest level caste of the castes, made up of producers, such as land owning farmers, merchants, and artisans

Brahmin caste

Highest cast level of the castes: priests, artists, teachers

Middle Way

The teaching of buddhism - he tried life as a prince, then a monk. Neither ended suffering. Then he followed the Middle Way or path to Enlightenment.

Eightfold Path (Buddhism)

The way to live your life according to Buddhism to help end suffering: right view, right intentions, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right concentration, right mindfulness

4 Noble Truths

Life is suffering

Suffering happens because we have wants/desires

To get rid of suffering, we must cease to want/desire

To do this we must follow the eightfold path to find Enlightenment (also called Nirvana).

Trimurti

"Three forms" of the divine; the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. This is all things - Creation, preservation, destruction.

Brahma

A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.

How did the Buddha find enlightenment?

Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha after experiencing suffering and seeing the four passing sights. He sat under the Bodhi tree for 49 days to teach people about the eightfold path and help them find enlightenment.

Enlightenment

The ultimate goal of Buddhism

What are each of the Four Noble Truths?

Life is suffering

Suffering happens because we have wants/desires

To get rid of suffering, we must cease to want/desire

To do this we must follow the eightfold path to find Enlightenment (also called Nirvana).

Bodhi Tree

The tree under which Sidartha Gautama (buddha) achieved enlightenment.

The Xia Dynasty

Was the first dynasty in China, this dynasty was led by Great Yu who controlled the floods with irrigation. No writing.

What does suffering have to do with Buddhism?

Desire, wants, and ignorance lie at the root of suffering. Following Buddhism can help.

Reincarnation

The rebirth of a soul in a new body

immortality

legacy living on (fame, names, achievement, objects)

Pu

simplicity in Taoism

Chi

energy in all things, according to Taoism

wu wei

non action, one step at a time, not doing to much

Period of 100 schools

Time during the warring states period when many different philosophies tried to bring China together

Power

Power can not be created or destroyed and when one person loses power another person/group of people gain it.

How did the Mongols affect the Silk Road?

Genghis Khan secured the Silk Road to make travelers and traders safer. Since Khan conquered the entirety of the Silk Road, cultures and crafts from one side of Asia made it to the other side.

ultimate reality

We are all connected through shared experiences (any intro unit terms)

vehicle of expression

We express ourselves through our culture

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

what are the varnas castes?

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Viasya and Sudra

Human dilemma

All people have a finite existence/we will die one day, and we are aware of this.

Human nourishment

needing human connection, belonging

unknown

One of our greatest fears (along with meaninglessness)

Moksha

if you do you job, your duty (Dharma), and if you do it well, the consequences of your actions (Karma) will be reward in the next life by being reborn into a higher caste. Once you hit the top three castes (males only), then you have the opportunity to escape this world and achieve spiritual liberation (Moksha)

Dharma

in Hinduism, your duty

meaninglessness

Our greatest fear, along with the unknown. We want purpose in our lives.

Silk road

Trade route going through china where goods and philosiphies traveled

Karma

the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. Good actions = higher caste for next life

Genghis Khan pros and cons

Murdered millions of people, killed half brother, ruled with freedom of religion, made silk road safe, spread wealth and promoted trade

Caste System

In India, a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that assumes that all people are bad and need harsh punishments

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. His main ideas were the golden rule, filial piety and lead by example.

Lao tzu

Chinese philosopher; taught about Taoism (following the way of nature) and yin/yang

Yu

Founder of Xia Dynasty, credited with inducing irrigation and draining the flooding waters of the Yellow River (Huang He)

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Man who led the Ming Treasure Ship expeditions

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang Dynasty.

Ming treasure ships

Sent with Zheng He to bring gifts to neighboring countries and to show China's dominance. Ended due to cost and argument that China already had everything they needed.

Shih Huang Ti

united China during Qin Dynasty to end warring states. Also united writing, money, built great wall and grand canal.

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

Mandate of Heaven

The right to rule given by the gods

Where did ancient Indian civilization begin

Around Harappa and Mohenjo Daro on the Indus river.

What were some of the early innovations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro?

Plumbing, well planned cities (grid system)

Individualism

Some societies value the individual and not the group (USA) while others value the group. (ex: China)

Warring States

time of warfare between regional lords at the end of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th to the 3rd century B.C.E.

How did the Mongols live around the time of Genghis Khan?

The Mongolians were nomadic farmers who relied on the land to sustain them.

The Mongols kept flocks of goats, sheep, horses, and other animals. They lived in clans in houses called Yurts, and there was a lot of infighting until they were united by Genghis Khan in 1206. They moved their civilization at least 2x per year.

Great Wall

Wall in northeastern China that defended the Chinese from the Mongols and other groups. United/built during Qin Dynasty by Shih Huang Ti.

Animism

spirits exist in all things (ex: animals, trees, stones, heavenly bodies, seas). These spirits can be flattered or offended and can help or hurt humans.

Maslow's Pyramid

1. Physiological (lowest level)

2. Safety

3. Love and Belonging

4. Self-Esteem

5. Self-Actualization (Highest level)

This is a pyramid of needs.

What did Genghis Khan conquer twice as many as any other man in history

Land and people

When was Genghis Khan born and when did he die?

1167-1227

What did Genghis Khan build more of than any other leader?

Bridges

How did renaissance life in europe change as a result of the mongols

Europe was not conquered so they were allowed to advance quicker than the rest of the world. They also gained trade goods and cultural trends from the Mongols like playing cards and pants.

Why does a mongolian song say "we imagined your appearance but our minds are blank".

Genghis Khan did not allow himself to be painted or sculpted.

Greatest Fear

Peoples greatest fears are the unknown, and to not find meaning in life.

The Great Yu

The legendary ruler of China during the Xia dynasty. He was said to have helped stop floods and irrigate farms for decades.

Values of Confucianism

1. Filial Piety (Respecting your elders)

2. Lead by example

3. Golden Rule

Characteristics of Chinese Landscape Painting

A path, water, nature with small far away human life, clouds

Give 3 examples of how geography affected China.

1. They were more isolated than the rest of the world as a result of natural barriers such as the desert, mountains, and ocean separating them from the rest of the world.

2. There were lots of rivers which caused people to settle around them and create irrigation systems which is what inspired the story of Yu.

3. They did not have a natural border between the north and as a result built The Great Wall.

How does the story of Yu demonstrate the values of China?

Yu works very hard but does not see his family for years this demonstrates the value in China of doing things for the greater good over personal gain. Yu also shows leading by example and perseverance as well as using nature to be helpful.

How did Shih Huang Ti win the warring states?

He had a large organized army with horses, highly skilled , crossbows, and brutal war tactics.

What does India's geography have to do with their philosophies?

India's philosophy is to turn inward for answers rather than to the world around you, and this could have been affected by India's geography, as it is an ever-changing land of extremes where nature is impossible to tame.

What are some examples of the challenges of India's geography?

1. During monsoon season, the rivers flood and cause a lot of destruction. 2. In the deserts, the land is dry and infertile so it is very hard to live in. 3. The tall mountains act as barriers and make travel difficult. 4. There is tension between India and Pakistan, so the areas around the borders are unsafe. 5. The area around Kashmir is also unsafe, since India and Pakistan have been fighting over that land since the Partition.

Samsara

In Hinduism, endless wandering from life to life; end it by achieving Moksha

What is the Pale Blue Dot?

The Pale Blue Dot is not only an image of the Earth taken by the Voyager 1 Space Probe that depicts Earth as a small dot. It is also the title of a film voiced over by Carl Sagan about the Earth and how much it means to us.

Abraham

Father of monotheism, sons are Isaac and Ishmael

Sarah

Abraham's wife, mother of Isaac

Hagar

Servant to Sarah, mother of Ishmael

Moses

Received Torah from G-d, most important prophet of Judaism

Jesus

Messiah, son of God in Christianity, Prophet of Islam

Muhammad

Final prophet of Islam, received Quran from God