APHUG Key Terms

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Culture

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85 Terms

1

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

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2

Density

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area.

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3

Diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement from one place to another.

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4

Distribution

The arrangement of features in space.

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5

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society.

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6

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people in society.

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7

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

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8

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of annual deaths among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society.

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9

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the CBR - CDR.

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10

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that displays a country's population by age and gender.

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11

Asylum Seeker

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

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12

Chain Migration

The social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow one another to a different city.

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13

Immigration

Migration to a location.

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14

Pull Factor

Positive conditions that induce people to new locations from other areas.

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15

Push Factor

Negative conditions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new location.

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16

Refugees

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

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17

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

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18

Folk Culture

Culture practiced by a small homogenous rural group living in isolation.

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19

Popular Culture

Culture found in a large heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

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20

Habit

Repetitive act performed by an individual.

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21

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

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22

Lingua Franca

a common language used by speakers of different languages

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23

Official Language

language adopted for use by the government for conduct of business and publication of documents

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24

Fundamentalism

The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.

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25

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

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26

Ethnic Religion

a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people

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27

Apartheid

a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.

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28

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

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29

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

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30

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

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31

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

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32

City-State

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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33

Democracy

A form of government in which citizens govern themselves

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34

Federal State

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

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35

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

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36

Nation State

A country who's population share a common identity.

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37

Self Determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

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38

Sovereignty

Supreme or independent political power

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39

State

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

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40

Unitary State

places most power in the hands of central government officials

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41

Fairtrade

A system of trading that ensures fair prices for produce from LEDCs

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42

Fossil Fuels

a nonrenewable energy resource that forms in the Earth's crust for millions of years

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43

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

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44

Gross Domestic Product

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

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45

Human Development Index (HDI)

the UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member countries

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46

Primary Sector

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

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47

Secondary Sector

he part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

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48

Tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

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49

Value Added

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

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50

Millennium Development Goals

Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015

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51

Agribusiness

agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.

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52

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

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53

Desertification

the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

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54

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

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55

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

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56

Subsistence Farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

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57

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

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58

Break of Bulk Point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

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59

Bulk Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

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60

Bulk Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

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61

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Geographic Information Systems are used to analyze data on maps using layers

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62
<p>Isoline Map</p>

Isoline Map

Maps that show lines that join points of equal value. (For example, a topographic map is an isoline map on which lines join points of equal elevation.)

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63
<p>Dot Map</p>

Dot Map

Dot maps are a type of unit visualizations that rely on a visual scatter to show spatial patterns, especially variances in density. The dots may represent the actual locations of individual phenomena, or be randomly placed in aggregation districts to represent a number of individuals.

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64
<p>Proportional Symbol Map</p>

Proportional Symbol Map

A Proportional symbol map is a type of Thematic map that uses map symbols that vary in size to represent a quantitative variable. Symbols vary in height, length, area, or volume from place to place depending on the variable that they represent.

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65
<p>Chloropleth Map</p>

Chloropleth Map

A map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

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66

Demographic Transition Model

A process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. \n Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR) \n Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua \n Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile, \n Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg \n Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Russia

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67

Von Thunen Model

Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen \n says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market \n -takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land) \n -assumes no natural features (land uniformity) \n -model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock

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68

Rostow’s Development Model

Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950 \n says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive) \n Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed \n Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology \n Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $ \n Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized \n Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers

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69

Central Place Theory

Hearth-Walter Christaller \n says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas) \n -hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet \n -assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) \n ex: Iowa

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70

Concentric Zone Model

hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess \n says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings \n 1st inner ring-CBD \n 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants) \n 3rd-Working Class Homes \n 4th-Newer spacious homes \n 5th-commuters

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71

Multiple Nuclei Model

hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman \n says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center \n -also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas \n ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias

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72

Peripheral Model

-good ex for N. America \n says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road \n -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

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73

Hoyt

Sector Model

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74

Burgess

Concentric Zone Model

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75

Sector Model

hearth-1939, homer hoyt \n says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings \n -grows outwards in wedges \n -best housing is on edges \n ex of model:chicago

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76

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure \n Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) \n ex:USA \n Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) \n ex:congo \n Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist \n ex: brazil, india, china, mexico

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77

Losch’s Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit \n -can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it \n ex:fur stores in vail, co

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78

Hotelling’s Location Theory

says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind \n ex:gas stations are always next to each other

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79

Weber’s Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least \n ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

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80

Lee’s Migration Theory

Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental \n push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in \n pull-things that attract one to an area

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81

Ravenstein’s Migration Theory

says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities. \n -urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land. \n -families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further

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82

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries \n -people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. \n ex:china and india to US

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83

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration \n -most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) \n -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

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84

Malthusian Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

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85

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core

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