APHUG Key Terms

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Density

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area.

Diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement from one place to another.

Distribution

The arrangement of features in space.

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society.

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people in society.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of annual deaths among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the CBR - CDR.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that displays a country's population by age and gender.

Asylum Seeker

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

Chain Migration

The social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow one another to a different city.

Immigration

Migration to a location.

Pull Factor

Positive conditions that induce people to new locations from other areas.

Push Factor

Negative conditions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new location.

Refugees

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Folk Culture

Culture practiced by a small homogenous rural group living in isolation.

Popular Culture

Culture found in a large heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Habit

Repetitive act performed by an individual.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Lingua Franca

a common language used by speakers of different languages

Official Language

language adopted for use by the government for conduct of business and publication of documents

Fundamentalism

The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Ethnic Religion

a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people

Apartheid

a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

City-State

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Democracy

A form of government in which citizens govern themselves

Federal State

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Nation State

A country who's population share a common identity.

Self Determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

Sovereignty

Supreme or independent political power

State

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

Unitary State

places most power in the hands of central government officials

Fairtrade

A system of trading that ensures fair prices for produce from LEDCs

Fossil Fuels

a nonrenewable energy resource that forms in the Earth's crust for millions of years

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

Gross Domestic Product

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Human Development Index (HDI)

the UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member countries

Primary Sector

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

Secondary Sector

he part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

Tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

Value Added

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Millennium Development Goals

Eight international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015

Agribusiness

agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Desertification

the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Subsistence Farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Break of Bulk Point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

Bulk Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs

Bulk Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Geographic Information Systems are used to analyze data on maps using layers

Isoline Map

Maps that show lines that join points of equal value. (For example, a topographic map is an isoline map on which lines join points of equal elevation.)

Dot Map

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Dot maps are a type of unit visualizations that rely on a visual scatter to show spatial patterns, especially variances in density. The dots may represent the actual locations of individual phenomena, or be randomly placed in aggregation districts to represent a number of individuals.

Proportional Symbol Map

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A Proportional symbol map is a type of Thematic map that uses map symbols that vary in size to represent a quantitative variable. Symbols vary in height, length, area, or volume from place to place depending on the variable that they represent.

Chloropleth Map

A map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Demographic Transition Model

A process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. \n Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR) \n Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua \n Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile, \n Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg \n Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Russia

Von Thunen Model

Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen \n says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market \n -takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land) \n -assumes no natural features (land uniformity) \n -model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock

Rostow’s Development Model

Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950 \n says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive) \n Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed \n Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology \n Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $ \n Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized \n Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers

Central Place Theory

Hearth-Walter Christaller \n says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas) \n -hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet \n -assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) \n ex: Iowa

Concentric Zone Model

hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess \n says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings \n 1st inner ring-CBD \n 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants) \n 3rd-Working Class Homes \n 4th-Newer spacious homes \n 5th-commuters

Multiple Nuclei Model

hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman \n says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center \n -also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas \n ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias

Peripheral Model

\-good ex for N. America \n says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road \n -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

Hoyt

Sector Model

Burgess

Concentric Zone Model

Sector Model

hearth-1939, homer hoyt \n says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings \n -grows outwards in wedges \n -best housing is on edges \n ex of model:chicago

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure \n Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) \n ex:USA \n Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) \n ex:congo \n Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist \n ex: brazil, india, china, mexico

Losch’s Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit \n -can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it \n ex:fur stores in vail, co

Hotelling’s Location Theory

says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind \n ex:gas stations are always next to each other

Weber’s Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least \n ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

Lee’s Migration Theory

Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental \n push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in \n pull-things that attract one to an area

Ravenstein’s Migration Theory

says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities. \n -urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land. \n -families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries \n -people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. \n ex:china and india to US

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration \n -most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) \n -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

Malthusian Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core