Module 13: Diversity of Plants and Animals

characteristics of kingdom planta

photosynthesis, cell wall - cellulose, sexual reproduction/asexual reproduction

diplontic

adult has two sets of chromosomes, and only the sex cells have one

haplontic

adult has one set of chromosomes, and the diploid stage is short-lived

dominant sporophyte stage

when the plant spends most of its life as the spore making adult form

dominant gametophyte stage

when the plant spends most of its life in the gamete-producing stage

sporangium

where spores and produced and stored

homosporous

produce one kind of spore

heterosporous

produce two kinds of spores

gametangium

where gametes are made

apical meristem

region at the tips of plants that helps them grow taller or longer

waxy cuticle

waxy coating on plants that keeps water in and bad stuff out

xylem

type of tissue that transports water and minerals

phloem

type of tissue that transports sugars and products of photosynthesis

sporophylls

specialized leaves or structures that produce spores

strobili

cone-like structures that makes spores

gymnosperm

seed plants where the seeds are exposed

characteristics of gymnosperms

naked seeds, separate female and male gametes, pollination by wind, tracheids

tracheids

water-carrying cells that also help strengthen plants

diversity of gymnosperm

conifers, cycads, gingkophytes, gnetophytes

characteristics of conifers

dominant phylum, tall trees with scale/needle leaves, cold and dry weather

characteristics of cycads

thrive in mild climates, large compound leaves, large cones

characteristics of gingkophytes

fan shaped leaves, male and female organs are on separate plants

characteristics of gnetophytes

closest relatives to modern angiosperms, broad leaves, possess vessel elements in xylem

angiosperm

plants that make flowers and seeds inside fruit

structure of a flower

sepals, petals, stamen, carpel/pistils

sepals

outermost part of flower that protects the bud before it opens

petals

colorful parts of a flower that attract pollinators

stamen

male reproductive part of a flower that makes pollen, consists of anther and filament

carpel

female reproductive part of a flower that produces seeds after fertilization

fruit

mature ovary of a flower that holds and helps spread seeds

double fertilization

when two sperm cells work together to make the seed and its food supply

double fertilization only occurs in…

angiosperms

monoecious

both male and female reproductive parts are on the same plant

dioecious

male and female reproductive parts are on separate plants

self pollination

when a plant’s pollen fertilizes its own flowers

cross pollination

when pollen from one plant fertilizes a different plant’s flowers

diversity of angiosperms

basal angiosperm, monocot, eudicot

basal angiosperm

most basic flowering plants

monocot

plants with one seed leaf and parallel-veined leaves

eudicot

plants with two seed leaves and branching veins in their leaves

characteristics of the animal kingdom

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls, specialized tissues performing unique functions

tissue

a collection of similar cells that had a common embryonic origin

types of tissue

nervous, muscle, connective, epithelial

characteristics of animals

body symmetry, layers of tissues, presence/absence of a coelom, protostomes and deuterostomes

diploblast

organisms with two main layers of cells during development

triploblast

organisms with three main layers of cells during development

coelom

space inside the body where organs can float and move

protostomes

mouth develops first in the embryo

deuterostomes

anus forms first in the embryo

vertebrates

animals with backbones

three broad groups of mammals

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs

marsupials

mammals that carry babies in a pouch after birth

eutherians

mammals that give birth to fully developed babies