Chemistry- Ch. 27 The Chemistry of Life

prokaryotic cells

Of the two major cell designs, the one that appeared on Earth first were _.

eukaryotic

Cell structures known as organelles are found in _ cells.

photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are organelles necessary for carrying out _ by some cells.

A substance which could be considered a waste product of photosynthesis is _.

oxygen

hydroxy

Carbohydrates are monomers and polymers of aldehydes and ketones which have multiple _ groups attached.

Monosaccrides

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are known as _.

straight chain

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose may exist in _ and cyclic forms.

dehydration

Glucose and fructose may form the disaccharide sucrose through a _ reaction.

Polysaccarides

Many simple sugars may be linked together in a polymerization reaction form a _.

Cellulose

The two major polysaccrides formed by plants are starch and _.

Nitrogen

Amino acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and _.

carboxyl

Amino acids are made up of a central carbon atom, a side chain, an amino group, and a _ group.

phenyline

The abbreviation Phe is used to represent the amino acid known as _.

Peptide

The bond which may form between the amino end of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid end of a second amino acid is known as a _ bond.

primary structure of the protein

The order in which a series of amino acids is linked to form a peptide is known as the _.

Polypeptide

Any peptide chain made up of more than ten amino acids is known as a _.

100

A protein is generally regarded as a peptide chain made up of more than _ amino acids.

Amino acids

The three dimensional shape of a protein is determined by the interactions between the _ of the peptide chain.

Myoglobin

The oxygen storing protein found in muscle tissue is _.

Enzymes

Most of the chemical reactions which occur in cells are catalyzed by _.

Enzyme structure

To catalyze a chemical reactions, an enzyme molecule and a substrate molecule must join to form a(n) _.

co-enzymes

Some enzymes require the presence of metal ions or small organic molecules known as _ in order to catalyze reactions.

Esters

Natural triglycerides (lipids) are _ of glycerol and fatty acids.

Oil

Lipids produced by plants and which are liquid at room temperature are _.

membrane

A phospholipid bilayer is the major component of cell _.

Nucleotides

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of smaller monomer units known as _.

Nitrogenous base

Individual nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a (n) _.

cytosine

In DNA, the nitrogen base adenine always bonds with thymine, while the nitrogen base _ always bonds with guanine.

of protein

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one kind _.

cysteine

The DNA sequences TGT and TGC both code for the amino acid _.

energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions to transmit the _ released by catabolic reactions in living cells.

anabolism

In the cell, synthesis reactions requiring energy are known as _.

Metabolism

Together, the total anabolic and catabolic reactions in the cell are known as _.