AP Psych Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology

Psychological Disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Medical Model

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

DSM 5

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Edition, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Includes: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Free floating anxiety (chronic anxiety not associated with any specific situation or object.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A trauma-related dsiorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological chances as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Somatoform Disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause, includes functional neurological symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Symptoms includes blackouts. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder.

Depressive disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes includes depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

A deoressuve disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar Disorder

A bipolar and related disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depressing and the overexcited state of mania

Schizophrenia

characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder. Persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations.

Agoraphobia

Anxiety disorder, Fear of being in public

Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Disorders that include obsessive thoughts and/or unwanted behavior. Includes: obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder.

Hoarding disorder

An obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

An obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by an obsession with perceived flaw(s) in physical appearance.

Dissociative Amnesia

A dissociative disorder characterized by a loss of memory for who you are, fugue state includes traveling far from home and the loss of memory

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

a depressive disorder characterisized by extreme temper outbursts at least 3 times a week, must be under 18.

Bipolar and related disorders

Disorders characterized by extreme mood changes, includes bipolar disorder

Mania

A symptom of bipolar characterized by elevated mood, overtalkative, overactive, little need for sleep, risky behavior

Positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia which include addition of inappropriate behavior: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and inappropriate actions

Negative symtoms

symptoms of schizophrenia which include loss of appropriate behavior: flat affect, catonic state, alogia, avolition

Borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by fear of abandonment, unstable intense relationships, rapid changes in self-identity, impulsive and risky behavior, suicidal threats, and wide mood swings.

Dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by difficulty making everyday decisions, needing others to assume responsibility, difficulty expressing disagreement, difficulty initiating projects, need for support from others.

Paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by suspicions that others are deceiving him/her, preoccupied with doubts of others trustworthiness, reluctance in confiding in others, holding grudges

Narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated sense of self-importance, expecting to be recognized as superior, exaggerating achievements, preoccupied with fantasies about success, requiring constant admiration, sense of entitlement, expecting special favors, and taking advantage of others.

Histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by being uncomfortable in situations which he/she is not the center of attention, inappropriate sexual seductiveness, the use of physical appearance to draw attention, self-dramatization

Passive-aggressive personality

A personality disorder characterized by avoiding responsibility by claiming forgetfulness, being inefficient on purpose, blaming others, complaining, feeling resentment, fear of authority

Diathesis stress model

In order for an onset of a disorder an individual needs both the genetic and stressor

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychoanalysis

Sigmond Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences and the therapists interpretations of them released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. Also called person-centered therapy.

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actualitiy) to the things they fear or avoid

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant states (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Aaron Beck

sought to reverse patient's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations and futures using cognitive therapy

Donald Meichenbaum

offered stress inoculation training: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to regress toward their average

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence based practice

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an aenesthetized patient

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

lobotomy

invented by Egas Moniz, a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma