MCAT IMPORTANT EQUATIONS/RELATIONSHIPS/UNITS!!!!!!

What are the units of Molarity (M)?

mol/L

What are the units of Molality (m)?

mol of solute / kg of solvent

What does Sin(30) = ?

.5

What does Sin(45) = ?

1/sqr2 or sqr2/2

What does Sin(60) = ?

sqr3/2

What does Sin(90) = ?

1

What does cos(30) = ?

sqr3/2

What does cos(45) = ?

1/sqr2

What does cos(60) = ?

.5

What does cos(90) = ?

0

What AAs are polar and neutral?

STYQNC

What AAs are acidic?

DE

What AAs are basic?

KHR

What AAs are NP?

GAVLIPFM

Beta - decay does what?

converts neutron into a proton

Beta + decay does what?

converts proton into a neutron

What does alpha decay do?

loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

What is the continuity equation? What does it measure?

A1V1 = A2V2; flow speed through a pipe

What is the equation for torque?

T = r x F

What is the equation for power?

P = W/t

What is the equation for energy involving plank's constant?

E = hf

What is the equation for work?

W = F x d

How do you calculate refraction index?

n = c/v

What is snells law?

n1sin1 = n2sin2

What is the refraction index of air?

1

How do you calculate voltage?

V = IR

What is the electrostatic force equal to?

F = KQq/r²

What is the equation for hydrostatic pressure?

P = pgh

What is the mirror formula?

1/f = 1/i + 1/o

What is the alternate mirror formula?

M = Mi/Mo

KE =

1/2mv^2

PE =

mgh

How do you solve for velocity final?

Vf = Vi + at

How do you solve for dX?

X = Vit + 1/2at^2

How do you solve for velocity final? (2nd equation)

Vf^2 = Vi^2 + 2aX

What is the equation for flow rate?

Q = Av

What is the equation for capacitance?

C = Q/V, C = εA/d

ε = 8.85 x 10^-12

Ideal gas law =

PV = nRT

R is the ideal gas constant. What does it equal?

8.314 J/(mol x K); 0.08 (L x atm)/(mol x K)

1 atm is equivalent to how many mmHg?

760

Uncompetitive Inhibition:

Vmax?

Km?

down, down

Noncompetitive Inhibition:

Vmax?

Km?

down, same

Competitive Inhibition:

Vmax?

Km?

same, up

Mix Inhibition:

Vmax?

Km?

depends, down

What is the relationship between pressure and boiling point?

proportional

The equivalence point of a titration curve shows what?

1:1 basic and acid moles

In non-gases, what is the relationship between volume and pressure?

inversely proportional

What is the order of EN from highest to lowest?

FONClBrISCH

What is the charge of an electron/proton equal to?

1.6 x 10^-19 C

1 eV is equal to what in J?

1.6 x 10^-19 J

What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

inversely proportional

What is the gravitational constant?

G = 6.7 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

In STP, 1 mol =

1 mol of ideal gas = 22.4 L

What are Standard conditions?

25 C or 298 K

What are STP conditions?

1 atm and 0 C or 273 K

pI < pH

deprotonated, -

pI > pH

protonated, +

Energy of a Capacitor Equation:

E = 1/2CV^2

Kw =

Kw Equation:

1 x 10^-14

Kw = Ka x Kb

Mechanical Advantage:

Fout/Fin

What are the common strong acids on the MCAT?

HI, HBr, HCl, HClO4, H2SO4, and HNO3

What are common strong bases on the MCAT?

Group 1 Hydroxides (ex. NaOH), Group 1 oxides (ex. Li2O), metal amides (ex. NaNH2), and Br/Sr/Ca(OH2)

What is the equation for electrostatic force?

F = qE

Fe = k (q1q2) / d^2 (where k = 9 x 10^9)

What is the units for Volts?

V = J/C

Formula for current?

I = Q/t

Formula for resistivity?

R = ρ x (L/A)

Remember: R ∝ 1/d^2

Power dissipated by a Resistor Formula:

P = IV

Electric field strength between parallel plates?

E = V/d

What does a negative focal length indicate?

that the lens is a diverging lens.diverging lenses always produce virtual, upright, and reduced images

When the focal length is 0 > and the object is placed at more than double the focal length from the lens, what does this imply about the image formed and lens type?

real, reduced, converging

When the focal length is positive and the object is located between one and two times the focal length (i.e., between f and 2f) from the lens, what does this tell us about the image formed and lens type?

real, enlarged, converging

What is the equation for Gibb's Free Energy?

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

How does Q relate to K?

Q > K = ΔG > 0 = nonspontaneous

Q < K = ΔG < 0 = spontaneous

Q = K = ΔG = 0 = equillibrium

If K > 1 the reaction is:

If K < 1 the reaction is:

K > 1 = spontaneous

K < 1 = nonspontaneous

What are the essential AAs?

WHILKMFTV

What is the equation to solve for nuclear binding energy?

E = mc^2

or

E = m (in amu) x 931.5

Work formula when dealing with a spring?

W = 1/2kx^2

Hooke's Law:

F= -kx

What are the equations for pH?

pH = pKa + log([Base]/[Acid])

pH = 1/2log(Ka x WA)

pH = -log([H+])

What are the types of intermolecular forces?

Intermolecular = Forces between molecules

Metallic bonds = bond between metals

Covalent bonds = sharing electrons between nonmetals

Ionic bonds = bond between metal and nonmetal

What are the types of intramolecular forces?

Intramolecular = Forces within a molecule

LDFs (weakest)

Dipole (moderate)

Hydrogen (strongest)

What is Avogrado's Number?

6 x 10^23

Change in Electric Potential Energy:

PE = qV

What is the equation for ΔG′° ?

ΔG′° = –RTlnK

How many cm^3 in 1 liter?

1000

How do you solve for pressure given force?

P = F/A

How does bond enthalpy, length, and heat of combustion relate to stability?

↑ Stability = ↑ Bond Enthalpy = ↓ Bond Length = ↓ Heat of Combustion

What is Kcat?

Vmax/[E]

What is Vmax?

Maximum rate of reaction

What is Km?

the substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

What is V0?

initial rate of reaction

Competitive Inhibition Graph:

Uncompetitive Inhibition Graph:

Noncompetitive Inhibition Graph:

Km is inversely proportional to _______. Why?

Km is inversely proportional to affinity.

A lower Km means the enzyme needs less substrate to reach half its maximum velocity, indicating a stronger attraction or higher affinity for the substrate.

If an enzyme has a high KM value, what does this suggest about its interaction with its substrate?

A. The enzyme is near Vmax

B. The enzyme has low affinity for the substrate

C. The enzyme is highly efficient

D. The enzyme is operating under allosteric regulation

B;

Km is inversely proportional with affinity.

If Km is higher, this means that more substrate is needed for an enzyme to reach half of its reaction rate.

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, which of the following conditions will directly increase Vmax?

A. Increasing substrate concentration at low [S]

B. Increasing enzyme concentration

C. Increasing temperature above the enzyme's optimal range

D. Decreasing the KM of the enzyme

B;

Increasing enzyme concentration increases the # of active sites available for a reaction to occur. As Vmax is the rate in which a reaction occurs, increasing the # of sites is directly proportional.

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?

(Note: Other than substrate concentration, assume no other changes to reaction conditions.)

A. KM

B. kcat

C.Vmax

D. V0

D;

increasing substrate concentration will increase the initial rate of a reaction.

Equation for Cardiac Output:

CO = SV x HR