STD

Gonorrhea causative agent

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus

Non-gonococcal urethritis causative agent

Chlamydia trachomatis

Syphilis causative agent

Treponema pallidum subsp

pallidum and endemicum

HSV genome type

Linear double-stranded DNA, enveloped virus

HSV-1 vs HSV-2

HSV-1 traditionally oral and HSV-2 traditionally genital

HPV genome type

Circular double-stranded DNA, non-enveloped virus

HPV types causing genital warts

Types 6 and 11

HPV high-risk cancer types

Types 16 and 18

Chancroid causative agent

Haemophilus ducreyi

Granuloma inguinale causative agent

Klebsiella granulomatis

Vulvovaginitis causative agent

Candida albicans

Trichomoniasis causative agent

Trichomonas vaginalis

Chlamydial STI causative agent

Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia transmission

Sexual contact and perinatal transmission

Chlamydia common presentation

Often asymptomatic urethritis or cervicitis

Chlamydia population affected

Sexually active adolescents and young adults

Chlamydia diagnostic method

NAAT (PCR) is the gold standard

Chlamydia lab assay

Combined CT/NG NAAT

Chlamydia treatment

CDC-recommended antibiotics and partner treatment

Gonorrhea transmission

Sexual contact and perinatal transmission

Gonorrhea symptoms

Purulent discharge, dysuria, cervicitis

Gonorrhea complications

PID, epididymitis, septic arthritis

Gonorrhea diagnostic method

NAAT is the gold standard

Gonorrhea culture characteristics

Grows on chocolate agar, oxidase positive

Gonorrhea treatment

Ceftriaxone-based therapy with partner treatment

Syphilis transmission

Sexual contact with active lesions or congenital transmission

Primary syphilis sign

Painless chancre at site of infection

Secondary syphilis sign

Condyloma lata and rash including palms and soles

Tertiary syphilis manifestation

Gummas involving skin, bone, or CNS

Syphilis diagnostic limitation

Cannot be cultured or seen on Gram stain

Nontreponemal syphilis tests

RPR and VDRL

Treponemal syphilis tests

FTA-ABS and TP-PA

Syphilis treatment

Parenteral penicillin G (Bicillin L-A)

HSV transmission

Contact with lesions or oral/genital secretions

HSV primary infection features

Vesicles progressing to painful ulcers with systemic symptoms

HSV latency site

Sensory nerve root ganglia

HSV reactivation

Triggered by stress with milder symptoms

HSV diagnostic method

NAAT of vesicle fluid or CSF

HSV treatment

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir

HPV transmission

Sexual contact through microabrasions

HPV symptoms

Often asymptomatic or genital warts

HPV cancer association

Cervical, anogenital, and head and neck cancers

HPV diagnostic method

NAAT for oncogenic types

HPV treatment

Treat lesions or cancers, not the virus itself

HPV prevention

Vaccination starting at age 11–12

Chancroid symptoms

Painful genital ulcers with tender inguinal lymphadenopathy

Chancroid epidemiology

Rare in the US, endemic in parts of Africa and Caribbean

Chancroid diagnostic method

Culture is gold standard with low sensitivity

Chancroid growth conditions

30–33°C with 5% CO₂

Chancroid treatment

Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin

Donovanosis symptoms

Painless beefy-red ulcers that bleed easily

Donovanosis lymphadenopathy

Absent, may form pseudobuboes

Donovanosis epidemiology

Rare in US, endemic in India, Africa, South America

Donovanosis diagnostic method

Clinical diagnosis with intracellular organisms

Donovanosis treatment

Azithromycin until disease resolves

Candida albicans normal state

Part of normal vaginal and skin flora

Candida pathogenic form

Hyphae and pseudohyphae

Candidiasis symptoms

Vulvovaginal itching, burning, thick discharge

Candida diagnostic method

KOH wet prep, culture, or NAAT

Candida treatment

Topical or oral azole therapy

Trichomonas vaginalis organism type

Protozoan parasite

Trichomonas symptoms

Vaginitis with discharge, itching, or odor

Trichomonas asymptomatic rate

50% of women and most men

Trichomonas diagnostic method

Wet prep showing jerky motility

Trichomonas gold standard test

Anaerobic broth culture (InPouch)

Trichomonas treatment

Metronidazole or tinidazole with partner treatment

Painful genital ulcer with lymphadenopathy

Suggests chancroid

Painless chancre

Suggests primary syphilis

Beefy red painless ulcer

Suggests donovanosis

Recurrent painful vesicles

Suggests HSV

Purulent urethral discharge

Suggests gonorrhea

Asymptomatic urethritis with NAAT positive

Suggests chlamydia

Motile organism on wet prep

Suggests Trichomonas

Genital warts present

Suggests HPV