Exam 1 - Anatomy & Physiology 2401 (Chp. 1-2)

Anatomy

Study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts and how they work together

Macroscopic Anatomy/Gross

Study of large, visible structures

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of structure too small to be seen by naked eye

Regional Anatomy (Macrosopic)

Study of all structures in a particular area of the body

System Anatomy (Macrosopic)

Study of one system

Surface Anatomy (Macrosopic)

Study of internal structure as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

Cytology (Microsopic)

Microscopic study of cells

Histology

Microscopic study of tissue

Developmental Anatomy

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Embryology (Developmental Anatomy)

Study of development before birth

Maintaining Boundaries

Separation between internal and external environments must exist (plasma membrane separate cells, skin separate organism from environment)

Movements

Muscular System + Skeletal muscles

Cardiac muscle (blood) + Smooth muscle (digestion, urination)

Contractility - Movement on cellular level

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Withdrawal reflex preventing injury

Breathing rate changes in response to different activities

Digestion

Breakdown of ingested food followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reaction in cells

Catabolism

Breakdown of molecules - such as proteins to amino acids

Anabolism

Synthesis of molecules - such as amino acids to proteins

Excretion

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion - such as nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, fecal matter, etc)

Normal Body Temperature

If body temperature falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

If the state of equilibrium that is continuously readjusted as needed

Major role in Homeostasis

Nervous and Endocrine system. as well as other systems, play a major role in maintaining homeostasis

Standard Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Directional Terms

Describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

Superior (Cranial)

Above; towards the head or upper part of body

Inferior (Caudal)

Below; away from the head or lower part of body

Anterior (Ventral)

Towards or at the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards or at the back of the body

Medial

Towards the center/toward midline of body

Lateral

Towards the side/away from midline of body

Ipsilateral

When located on the same side

Contralateral

When located on the opposite side

Intermediate

Between the Medial and Lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of body; beginnings from trunk

Distal

Further from the origin of body; towards the trunk

Superficial (external)

Towards the surface

Deep (internal)

Further from the surface

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

Divides body vertically into right and left

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior part (front and back)

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

Parasagittal Plane

Off-centered, not on midline, cut (Sagittal Plane)

Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)

Produces cross section and 90° to vertical

Oblique Section

Result of cuts at an angle

Axial

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

Limbs (legs and arms)

Cephalic

Refers to head

Orbital

Refers to Eye/cavity

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Chest

Sternal

Sternum

Axillary

Arm pit

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Pelvic

Pelvic/below abdomen

Ingunial

Pubic

Acromial

Tip of shoulder

Brachial

Arm

Antecubial

Front of elbow

Olecranon

Elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Digital

Finger

Coxal

Hip

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Knee

Popliteal

Back of knee

Crural

Leg

Sural

Calf

Fibular (Peroneal)

Lateral side of leg

Pedal

Foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Calcaneal

Hill

Metatarsal

Instep of foot

Plantar

Foot

Otic

Ear

Occipital

Back of head

Scapular

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Vertebral

Vertebra

Lumbar

Lumbar

Sacral

Sacral/lower back

Gluteal

Buttock

Perineal

Between anus and external genitalia

Dorsal Body Cavity

Protects fragile nervous system

Cranial Cavity (Dorsal Body Cavity)

Encases brain

Vertebral Cavity (Dorsal Body Cavity)

Encases spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)

Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity (Ventral Body Cavity)

Each cavity contains one lung (Mediastinum and Pericardial Cavity) \[2 pleural cavities\]

Mediastinum (Thoracic Cavity)

Contains pericardial cavity'; houses other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea)

Pericardial Cavity (Thoracic Cavity)

Encloses heart

Abdominal Cavity (Abdominopelvic Cavity)

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic Cavity (Abdominopelvic Cavity)

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Parietal Serosa (Membrane in Ventral body cavity - Serosa membrane)

Lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral Serosa (Membrane in Ventral body cavity - Serosa membrane)

Covers internal organs (viscera)

Pericardium

Heart

Pleurae

Lungs

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Other Body Cavities (exposed to environment)

Oral and Digestive Cavities