Anatomy 338 Exam 1

Anatomical position

Person stands erect with feet flat on the ground, toes pointing forward, and eyes facing forward. Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Coronal (frontal) plane

Bisects the body laterally from side to side, dividing it into front and back halves. Abduction and Adduction movements occur in this plane

Axis: Anterior-posterior

Anterior-posterior axis

What axis is with the coronal plane?

Sagittal plane

Bisects the body from front to back, dividing it into left and right halves. Flexion and Extension movements usually occur in this plane

Axis: Transverse

Transverse axis

What is the axis that goes through the sagittal plane?

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body horizontally into Superior and Inferior halves. Rotational movements usually occur in this plane

Axis: Vertical/ longitudinal

vertical/longitudinal axis

Axis that intersects the transverse plane

Midsagittal (median) plane

The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides

(parasagittal section misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size)

Prone

Anatomical position laying face down

Supine

Anatomical position
Laying face up

Anterior

On or near the front, or ventral, surface of the body

Posterior

Toward the back; dorsal

Superior

Above, in reference to a portion of the body in the anatomical position.

Inferior

A directional reference meaning below, in reference to a particular structure, with the body in the anatomical position.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Dorsiflexion

Upward movement of the foot through flexion at the ankle.

Plantar flexion

Ankle extension; toe pointing.

Flexion

A movement at a joint that reduces the angle between two articulating bones; the opposite of extension.

Extension

An increase in the angle between two articulating bones

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the axis or midline of the body as viewed in the anatomical position.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face posteriorly.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly.

Denser objects (bones) prevent x-rays from passing through, so they show up white

Why is there clear image of bone on an x-ray, but not of the soft tissue?

Fluoroscopy shows real time and can see actions

What is an advantage of fluoroscopy over x-ray?

Have different views in 3D
Surgical planning- safer and easier
See vasculature
Good for neuroimaging- images patients in a helix and patient is given contrast

What are uses for CT scan reconstructions?

The hydrogen atoms present in the water in the body; and the ability to align them using radiofrequencies

Exciting and relaxing of protons

What is an MRI dependent upon?

-can see soft tissue better
-deeper tissue
-can see CS fluid, disks, vasculature systems, ligaments

Advantages of MRI?

Specialized imaging used with procedure to provide live image during surgery

Subtracted and real time view
More guidance during operation

Advantage of interventional radiology technique (angiogram)?

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened. Site of muscle attachment.

Crest

Site of muscle attachment

Trochanter

Large, rough projection (femur)

Site of muscle attachment

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Site of muscle attachment

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Site of muscle attachment

Epicondyle

raised area on or above condyle; site of muscle attachment

Spine (scapular spine)

sharp, slender, often pointed projection; site of muscle attachment

Process

A prominent projection on a bone

Site of muscular and ligament attachment

Head (femoral head)

Big smooth surface of a bone that articulates in ball and socket joints that allows for more movement

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle (medial condyle)

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Foramen (foramen magnum)

Round or oval opening through a bone

Groove (bicipital groove)

Depression in bone that is a passageway for nerves and blood vessels

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening, oculomotor nerves pass through

Notch

Depression in the margin of a bone

Passageway of suprascapular nerve

Fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, holds muscle or brain

Meatus

Tubelike passageway within a bone

Opening

Sinus

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Bumpy

Sites of muscle attachment on bones are ____

Surface anatomy

The most common way you will interact with anatomy in the clinic
The anatomy that we can see from the surface of the body

Within
Around

You move _____ a plane and ____ an axis

Superficial

Near the surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Transverse plane

Horizontal abduction and adduction of the shoulder takes place in what plane

Transverse plane

Trunk rotation takes place in what plane

Transverse plane (think of it with bent elbow)

What plane does internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) take place in?

Transverse plane

What plane does cervical rotation to the right take place in?

Transverse plane (knee bent)

Hip internal rotation (standing) takes place in what plane?

Horizontal adduction in transverse plane

What movement is the right shoulder doing when swinging a bat? What plane?

Cervical enlargement

Relative enlargement of the spinal cord which supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Lumbar enlargement

Enlargement of the spinal cord in the lumbar region. Location where nerves serving the pelvis and lower limbs arise.

Right above the conus medullaris

Conus medullaris

Cone-shaped inferior end of the spinal cord

L1

Because of this there is the cauda equina, injections lower on the spine

Where does the spinal cord end?

Cauda equina

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Meninges

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Arachnoid mater

Thin, transparent layer of meninges deep to the dura mater

Pia mater

The third layer of the meninges, touching the spinal cord

You cannot see it directly because it is too thin

Filum terminale

Fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Under the nerve roots of the cauda equina

String-like projection off the conus medullaris that is lighter in color than the nerve roots of the cauda equina

Denticulate ligaments

Extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater, anchor the spinal cord laterally and keep it centrally located within the vertebral column

Triangular-shaped sections of tissue, base is coming from the spinal cord and tip is connecting to the dura mater

White mater

Composed of myelinated axons, outside of the spinal cord

Ventral column

The ventral section of white matter in the spinal cord between the ventral horns.

Lateral column

The white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root.

Gray matter

Brain and spinal cord that consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and unmyelinated axons.

Posterior horn

Gray matter that contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Anterior horn

Somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

Lateral horns

Only found in the T1-L2 portion of the spinal cord
Contain visceral motor neurons

Central canal

A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata

In the horizontal bar of the H surrounded by gray matter

Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves, a passageway along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Dorsal root ganglia

Contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons traveling through the dorsal root

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair

Near the intervertebral foramen

Rootlets
Roots

The smaller branches immediately leaving the spinal cord are called ___ that merge to form ___

Ventral roots/ rootlets

Most easily seen exiting the spinal cord

Carry motor information from the spinal cord out to the muscles

Contains efferent axons of somatic motor neurons and at some levels efferent visceral motor neurons

Dorsal roots/ rootlets

Carry sensory information, including fine touch, pain, and proprioception from the periphery to the spinal cord (afferent axons of sensory neurons)

Move dura mater to observe

Thicker than other

Between adjacent vertebrae at the intervertebral foramina

Where do dorsal and ventral roots of each segment enter and leave the vertebral canal?

Spinal nerve

Exits from the intervertebral foramina

Dorsal and ventral roots merge for a short distance

Motor and sensory information mixes and then two branches extend out (rami)

Dorsal ramus

Branch off of spinal nerve that innervates the muscles and skin of the back

Ventral ramus

Branch off of the spinal nerve that runs anteriorly to innervate the muscles and skin of the extremities and anterior trunk

There is more gray matter as you go from superior to inferior because more myelinated neurons exit

How does white and gray matter change in cross section from superior to inferior?

Thoracic region of spinal cord

Only region of the spinal cord that has lateral horn

Thoracic region of spinal cord

Supplies thoracic cage, T1-12

Laminectomy

The surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra

Allows you to see the spinal cord within the vertebral foramen

Horizontally
Downward

Dorsal and ventral roots run more ____ in the cervical region but tend to leave the spinal cord and run ____ at the lower thoracic and lumbar levels

Dorsal column

A white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying pressure, vibration, and discriminative touch; highly localized

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

Carries: pressure, vibration, and discriminative (fine) touch
Highly localized

Incoming sensory information enters the spinal cord at the dorsal horn (from dorsal root), to the dorsal column, passes superiorly through the dorsal column of the thoracic, cervical enlargement, and high cervical levels, and decussates at the level of the brainstem

Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)

Carries pain, temperature, crude (non-discriminative) touch, deep pressure

Sensory information comes in from the dorsal root into the dorsal horn at the lumbar spinal cord, then decussates at the level that it enters the spinal cord through the center of the lumbar spinal cord to the anterolateral anterior horn, then passes superiorly through the anterior horns

At the brainstem

Where does the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway decussate?

At the level that it enters the spinal cord

Where does the anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract) decussate?

Corticospinal tract

Executes voluntary motor activity

Spinal cord pathway that starts at the brain, decussates in the brainstem, descends in the lateral column at the high cervical, cervical enlargement, and thoracic levels, at the lumbar level the pathway the pathway passes through the anterior horn that sends the signal through ventral roots to skeletal muscles

Corticospinal tract

Carries orders from the brain to the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord