Horticulture Exam 3

In tests was 100% effective against fruit flies

Abamectin

protects against rust and powdery mildew and can kill pests such as whiteflies aphids mealybugs and lace bugs

Neem seed oil

lives naturally within a plant and secretes a gas that stops the growth of plant pests and may be the first biological fumigant

Muscador albus

Always start with a _____ as the first step in pest control

non-chemical

is a mostly GMO crop created using endophyte fungus or bacteria that lives between cells or a Bt gene inserted to protect against chewing insects

Corn

kills by proteins forming holes in the gut and digestive tract and causing fatal starvation to worms and caterpillars

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

One way biological control agents work is to ___ the pest or suck out its body fluids

eat

rather than herbicides may be used for weed control to minimize the use of harsh chemicals

Mulch

Chronic toxicity is a danger caused by chemicals that accumulate in

bodies of animals and humans

In cases of spillage or toxic chemical exposure the most important consideration is to quickly

remove contaminated clothing

The most important first aid practice is to ___ the poison

dilute

Chemicals such as ____ are absorbed rapidly through the skin

organophosphates

Inhalation toxicity is measured in

LC50

The first step in selecting a pesticide is to identify the

pest organism

Some progress has been made in the development and use of pesticides that affect only insects. Chemicals that affect the insect’s ______ are good examples.

nervous system

_______ are chemicals that kill tiny, hairlike worms) that feed on the roots of plants.

Nemagon and Dasanit

Attractant lure for attracting and sometimes trapping adult insects, is made from naturally or synthetically produced _____.

hormones

A common chemical used to control rats and mice is

Warfarin

Many insecticides no longer approved for use include

Aldrin carbofuran chloropyrifos DDT

An example of a systemic poison is

Orthene (acephate)

An example of a contact poison is

Pyrethrins Zeta-cypermethrin

A chemical fumigant once injected 2 feet deep into soil but now banned in the US is

methyl bromide

____ is a type of an inorganic (mineral) insecticide that is also used as a fungicide.

sulfur and copper

is a new slug control not toxic to other organisms

Escar-GO!

Dusting or drenching the soil mix with _________ often gives excellent control of seedling root and stem rot.

Captan

The difference between the application of fungicides and insecticides is the

timing

Rodenticides most commonly kill as ______ poisons

stomach

is a disease that attacks stems and leaves of plants

Anthracnose

Fungi are tiny non-green plants that lack ________ and live as parasites and decomposers.

chlorophyll

Adding soil bacteria and compost helps control root rot plus adding _____ protects roots from soil-borne diseases

Actinovate

Some chemicals must be washed into the germination zone by rainfall or irrigation within ______ after application

7 to 10 days

Dimension kills plants by preventing ____ from occurring

photosynthesis

Most weeds are killed more easily when they are _____… (and in ___ ___)

young and in active growth

Broadleaf weeds (dicots) in a cornfield can be killed with _______ herbicide without damaging the corn plants.

selective

____ is an herbicide that moves through the plant phloem to the meristem tissues, causing uncontrolled and unsustainable growth. It is a synthetic auxin, commonly used on lawns, because it is more effective on dicots.

2,4D

The seven-spotted ladybug is

Beneficial

The green lacewing is

Beneficial

The praying mantis is

Beneficial

The spined soldier bug is

Beneficial

Aphids are

Pests

_____ ______ a flea beetle, released in the USA as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge (a serious grassland weed)

Aphtona flava

is a parasitoid that controls caterpillars beetles flies and aphids

Braconid wasp

is a natural pesticide insect repellent antifungal

Neem tree oil

are organic compounds from chrysanthemum with insecticidal effects

Pyrethrum

is a soil bacteria that produces avermectins

Streptomyces avermitilis

causes dark sunken lesions on leaves stems and fruits

Anthracnose

_____ is a reddish-brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissue of the stem and roots, stunting, pale green and yellow leaves, leaves wilt (shrivel) and drop off

Fusarium wilt

_____ - white patches of fungal growth on lower surface and upper surface of leaf and on stem, leaf edges curl upwards, purple to reddish blotches on leaves, leaves may shrivel, brown and drop off.

Powdery mildew

____ - a fungal disease that causes global losses of 1 Billion $ in wheat and 3 Billion in coffee crops. Oval or ring-shaped orange or yellow reddish, rust-colored pustules form on the leaves, reduced photosynthesis, weakens plant and causes yield loss.

Rust

causes yellow patches (mottling), necrosis, stunting, leaf curling and yellowing of plant tissues

Tobacco mosaic virus

Chewing mouthparts that eat whole tissue, leave droppings

Caterpillar

Ants may farm for food

Aphids

feeds mainly on stored grains

Weevil

has sucking mouthparts and is covered by a hard shell

Scale

has a shell and leaves a slime trail

Snail

feeds on roots of plants

Grub

cause yellow speckling on leaves where they feed

Spider mites

have sucking mouthparts soft bodies covered with cottony wax filaments

Mealy bug

are long multicellular filamentous microorganisms with cell walls

Fungus

are rod-shaped microorganisms composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

Virus

are single-celled microorganisms in many shapes with membrane-bound cells

Bacteria

Bull Thistle

Field Blindweed

Johnson Grass

Mesquite

Saltcedar

Silverleaf Nightshade

Scale Insects are

Pests

2-spot mites are

Pests

Mexican Bean Beetles are

Pests

Are butterflies pests, beneficial, both or neither?

Both

Are Moths pests, beneficial, both or neither?

Both