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Attribution (Theory)
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
Dispositional Attributions
the tendency to assign responsibility for others’ behaviors due to their inherent characteristics, such as personality or motivation
Situational Attributions
the process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person’s control
Explanatory Style
our tendency to offer similar explanations for different events
Actor-Observer Bias
the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Self-Serving Bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Internal Locus of Control
the belief that individuals have control over their own actions and outcomes
External Locus of Control
the belief that external factors, such as fate, luck or other people, are responsible for one’s own actions
Mere Exposure Effect
individuals show an increased preference for a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposure to that stimulus
Social Comparison
theory which suggests that people value their personal and social worth by assessing how they compare to others
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
the process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation
Relative Deprivation
the belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on comparison to someone else
Stereotype
widely held beliefs or generalizations about a particular group of people, often based on limited knowledge or biased assumptions
Cognitive Load
the amount of mental activity required to process information in the working memory
Prejudice
a preconceived opinion or bias against someone or something, often not based on reason or actual experience
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Implicit Attitudes
evaluations or feelings about a person, object, or concept that occur automatically and unconsciously
Just-World Phenomenon
the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
Belief Perseverance
the tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even after they have been discredited by factual informa
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
the tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other
In-Group Bias
the tendency of individuals to favor members of their own group over other groups
Ethnocentrism
the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
Cognitive Dissonance
the discomfort that occurs when your beliefs and actions don’t align
Social Influence Theory
the way in which individuals change their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment
Normative Social Influence
a situation where an individual conforms to the norms of a group so that they do not become an outcast
Informational Social Influence
when one turns to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations because they believe others may have more knowledge about what is going on
Persuasion
how attitudes and beliefs are influenced and changed through various methods of communication
Central Route Persuasion
a method of convincing others to take an action or make a decision based on facts and evidence of the merits of the outcome
Individualism
the ways in which people identify themselves and focus their goals
Collectivism
the tendency to view oneself as a member of a larger group, rather than an isolated, independent being
Multiculturalism
the idea that people from different cultures can coexist in a society while maintaining their own identities
Group Polarization
the idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members
Peripheral Route Persuasion
persuasion which does not rely on the intrinsic merits of an argument; concerned with cues around trustworthiness, emotions, and group identity rather than facts and logic
Halo Effect
a type of cognitive bias in which the overall impression of a person influences how other feel and think about a person’s specific traits
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
a psychological compliance strategy that utilizes asking another person for small requests first, to make them comply with larger requests eventually
Door-in-the-Face Technique
a persuasive technique that begins with an outrageous request in order to increase the likelihood that a second, more reasonable request is granted
Conformity
the act of changing your behaviors to fit in or go along with the people around you
Social Norms
the perceived informal, mostly unwritten, rules that define acceptable and appropriate actions within a group
Obedience
a person being socially influenced by an authority figure giving direct orders
Groupthink
a phenomenon in which members of a group will confirm to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions
Diffusion of Responsibility
predicts that the presence of others in a situation that needs attention causes a person to feel less responsible
Social Loafing
individuals exert less effort when working on a task in a group compared to when they work alone
Deindividuation
when people lose their sense of identity and act differently when they are part of a group
Social Facilitation
the phenomenon where individuals performs differently when in the presence of others than when alone
Prosocial Behavior
actions that benefit other people or society as a whole, such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating and volunteering
Altruism
selfless concern for the well-being of others
Social Responsibility Norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them or those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward
The Bystander Effect
a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
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