CPHM

public health

public health

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficient

True

T or F: public health promotes physical health and efficient through organized community efforts and informed choices of society

False (private and public communities)

T or F: public health promotes physical health and efficient through private communities only and individuals for the sanitation of the environment

True

T or F: public health promotes physical health and efficient through control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene

True

T or F: public health promotes physical health and efficient through the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease

True

T or F: public health promotes physical health and efficient through the development of social machinery

public health

which will ensure to every in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

Epidemiology

Biostatistics

Health Services, policy and management

Administration

Environmental Health

Occupational health

Social and Behavioral Health

Nutrition

division of public health

preventive aspects

it deals with the ______ of health rather than curative aspects

population level

it deals with ______ rather than individual health issues

assessment

monitor health status to identify community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community

policy development

inform, educate and empower people about health issues. It mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems

policy development

develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts

assurance

enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety

assurance

link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable

assurance

assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce

assurance

evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population based health services

primary prevention

prevents an illness or an injury from occurring at all, by preventing exposure to risk factors

secondary prevention

seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury-causing event once the event has occurred

tertiary prevention

seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services

health

person’s physical and psychological capacity to establish and maintain balance

health

Successful defense of the host against forces that disturb body equilibrium

physical health

condition that enables a person to maintain a strong and healthy body

mental health

refers to how a person feels, thinks of himself, controls his emotions and adjusts to the environment

social health

refers to how a person feels, thinks and act towards everybody around him

disease

failure of the body’s defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb body equilibrium

Pre-disease stage

Latent stage (asymptomatic)

Symptomatic stage

stage of disease

urbanization

it has been forecast that by the year 2020, the urban population comprise 65 to 75% of the total population

urbanization

the chaotic growth of cities will result in a multitude of economic and social problems and the rise of slums, criminality, disease and \n unemployment

urbanization

Overcrowding, inadequate housing facilities, poor environmental sanitation

industrialization

more women joining the workforce. This may or may not have an adverse effect on the family. Care of children will be entrusted to caretakers

industrialization

occupational hazards become a major concern \n Air, soil and water pollution

environmental concern

environmental degradation caused by deforestation, deterioration of seas and rivers due to industrial waste, indiscriminate disposal of waste.

the revenge of the germs

the discriminant consumption and overuse of antibiotics have resulted in drug-resistant bacteria, viruses and parasites. Switching from inexpensive penicillin to other drugs increased treatment costs which are beyond the reach of the poor

method

refers to orderly processes of data collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation

data

refers to quantitative data affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes. Collected in order to measure something; number of deaths, births, specific diseases hospital admissions

descriptive statistics

for summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret

inferential statistics

concerned in making estimates, predictions, generalizations, and conclusions about a target population based on information from a sample

demographic

population size, age, sex, geographic distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate

health status

causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity as to residence, place of occurrence, age, sex

health resources

number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower, health expenditures

health-related socio-economic environmental factor

water supply, excreta disposal, school enrollment, food establishment, transports, food intake/habits

biostatistics

no measurement is perfectly accurate or exact

useless

data of unknown quality are ------?

statistics

refers to both the numbers that describe the health of populations and the science that helps to interpret those numbers

Genes

Behavior

Exposure to infectious organism

Environmental chemicals

health is determine by many factors

probability

used to describe the variety and frequency of past outcomes under similar conditions as a way of predicting what should happen in the future

p value

used to express the degree of probability or improbability of a certain result in an experiment

True

T or F: a p value 0f 0.05 means that if an experiment were repeated 100 times, the same answer would result 95 of those times, while 5 times would yield a different answer

confidence interval

this is a range of values within which the true result probably falls

False (the lower the likelihood of random error)

T or F: the narrower the confidence interval, the higher the likelihood of random error

confidence interval

are often expressed as margins of error, as in political polling, when a politician’s support might be estimated at 50  percent

variable

measurement of a characteristic

discrete

integral whole numbers

continuous

can attain any value including fractions and decimals

nominal

a classification scale where the categories are used as labels only (sex, race, blood, group, patient id)

ordinal

used for categories which can be ordered or ranked

interval

zero point is arbitrary and does not mean absence of the characteristic

ratio

a meaningful zero point exist

quantitative

value indicate a quantity or amount and can be expressed numerically. Values can be arranged according to magnitude

qualitative

variables whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from another

tabulation

refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and compactly and so that they can be understood easily

frequency distribution

data are grouped according to some scale of classification, where the sum of the entries is equal to the total. The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative or both

shows the number of observations falling into each of several ranges of values. Portrayed as frequency tables, histograms, or polygons.

correlation data

used to compare two or more frequencies

time series data

some variable changes over a period of time is the one being presented

title

it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly, briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the table stand for

stubs

indicate the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal series of figures

column headings

indicate the basis of classification of the columns or vertical series of figures

body of the table

this is made up of the figures filling the cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and columns

marginal totals

refer to the column totals and row totals

footnote

indicate the source of information

graphing

the purpose is to convey a simpler idea of what the statistical table contains

statistical graphs

can be either a series of lines joined together, or bars or enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain statistical information under consideration

title

indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body of the graph stand for, how the data were classified, and where and when obtained. This is placed at the bottom of the graph, preceded by a number for easy reference

axis

each represents separate scales of classification corresponding to the row and column headings of the table being graphically presented

legend

this is needed when one is drawing more than one graph in a graphing space. This clarifies what particular item each of the graph refers to

body of the graph

these are the lines, bars or figures drawn within the graphing space

line graphs

used to graph time series data depict trends or changes with time with respect to some other variables

histogram

used to graph continuous variables. A graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in structure, that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges

polygon

used to graph continuous variables

bar or stick graph

used to graph qualitative variables and discontinuous variables of the quantitative variety

pictorial diagram

usually in the form of rectangles, square or circles, used to depict the distribution of a whole with different segments representing different frequencies

scatter point diagram

used to show relationship of simultaneous measurement

population (N)

set of complete collection or totality of all possible values of the variable

sample (n)

a subset or sub-collection of elements drawn from a population

simple random sampling (srs)

in this technique elements of the sample are selected through a lottery

systematic sampling

this technique of sampling is done by taking every element in the population assignment of numbers as a part of the sample

cluster sampling

population under this technique is being divided into sections

stratified sampling

in this technique, the population is subdivided into at least two different subpopulations that share the same characteristics and then the elements of the sample are drawn from its stratum proportionately

quota sampling

the sample size is limited to the required number or subject in the study

purposive sampling

the elements of the sample are being selected according to the criteria or rules set

convenience sampling

the samples are being selected from a particular place at a specified time

snowballing sampling

the researcher asks respondents to give referrals to other possible respondents

Linear Snowball Sampling

Exponential Non-Discriminative Snowball Sampling

Exponential Discriminative Snowball Sampling

types of snowballing sampling

demography

statistical study of human population

demography

kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space

census

other common direct method of collecting demographic data and conducted by a national government

10 years

censuses typically occur only every ------

analyses

------ are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place