Studied by 3 peopleFrom 1960 to 2010, the population increased by
over 4 billion
Economic gaps between the rich and poor in 2010 from 1960
More transitionary states of economy over large, blank gaps between classes- but comparing the largest economies and the smallest personal economies; the gap is larger than ever.
The Paradox of the Poor
The poor are in bad states because they cannot provide enough for their population but their population keeps growing because their poorness leads to a lack of education (sex ed, too), access to birth control, medical services and family planning.
The ideal “rich” class would serve as
the foundation for the development of poorer regions, being stationary in their development after being more developed than other regions
With a fewer number of children being born…
The child survival rate increases as there are enough child healthcare services (vaccines, housing, clean water, food, education) to be allocated to every born child
Most of the population of today exist within the
“emerging economy” class
Population density
Measurement of people per unit of land area
Population distribution
The spatial pattern of the dispersal of people
Why is Asia and Africa so underdeveloped
It lagged behind by consequence of colonization; having their natural resources stolen; their wealth seized; innovation squandered; rises in war, famine, and disaster; and low priority given to healthcare
By 1948, USA was
leading in development, Japan close behind and Iran profiting off their oil
By 2009, Luxembourg was
the best in life expectancy and health
By 2009, Colombia was
the worst in life expectancy and health
Specialist equipment (warm cloths, heaters, etc.)
allow people to live in places that were priorly inhabitable
Weather
Short-term changes to temperature
Climate
Long term patterns of temperature and weather
Only 10% of the world’s population habitat
80% of the world’s land
Primary development sector
Extraction of raw materials; very pre-industrial and on the decline
Secondary development sector
Manufacturing of goods/industrial labor; peaked in industrial era but on steep decline
Tertiary development sector
Service industry and education; on the rise since the industrial era
Quaternary development sector
Technology, Research and Development; only existent after the industrial era and steeply rising
Trends
Changes over time
Patterns
Changes across places
Physical factors restricting population growth
Elevated land; depressed land; costal regions; Polar weather; Limited spaces for living; Extreme, temperate weather
Elevated land
hard to cultivate (non-arable)
depressed land
prone to natural disasters and the disappearing of land
costal regions
vulnerable to soil erosion
Polar/Extremely tropical weather
living expensive due to the specialist equipment needed to live and work
Extreme, temperate weather
Makes it hard to adapt and predict changes and develop despite
Human factors for population distribution
Job opportunities; living expenses; purchasing power; healthcare/education ranking/availability; liberty and human rights; political unrest
Political unrest
Leads to internal and external migration- is most prominent in peripheral regions as it becomes harder to control and govern people away from the core regions usually due to its vast size and lack of governmental influence
Job oppertunities
Cause migration as there is work demand in overpopulated areas to provide for the population
Living expenses
Account for the specialist equipment that is required to live in a certain area. More developed places also tend to be more expensive to live in
Purchasing power
The cost of living is closely accosted with a country’s purchasing power
Healthcare/education rankin/availability
One may wish to move to places that will open up more opportunities in the future
Liberty and human rights
People can migrate to seek refugee from violations of their human rights
San Fransisco
Lives on the Andreas Fault line but is prosperous due to the money generated from its pacific coastline, leading it to be prosperous
Las Vegas
is life-threateningly arid by nature but water transfer schemes fueled its development into another sector instead of investing in trying to make it fertile
Doha
uses oil money to finance air conditioning to battle its horribly temperate and warm climate and desalinate its water to battle its land’s arid nature
Tourism
Countries with more tourist attractions can generate more income and even encourage new migration
Peru and Chile
have dense population clusters as people live around the inhabitable high land
Dhaka and China
Draw in people with their high demand for menial and industrial labour as manufacturing powerhouses
Greenland
Is sparsely populated (2 ppl per km2) because of its polar climate
Australia
used to have very strict immigration policies that have begun to loosen with its underpopulation crisis (0.2 ppl per km2)
Devolopment
Advancement of systems to become more globalized and further the scope of utilization of the object- can be poorly implemented to cause a negative change
Economic transition
A country’s movement from economically depending on its primary industries to depending on its secondary industries to its tertiary and quaternary industries
The introduction of new technology and research
Improves living standards and wealth for ALL its people
NIC
Newly Industrialized Country (Malaysia, Taiwan, etc.) Might develop into HICs
HIC
High-income countries
MEDC
More economically developed countries
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
BRICS
Countries with rapid economic growth due to its young population- first NIC catagory (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
CIVETS
Emerging market countries with notable young populations and equally sector-depended economies (Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa)
MINT
Countries with rapid economic growth due to its young population- second NIC category (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey)
N11
Emerging markets with potential to become the world’s largest economies- Next 11 (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam)
CPEs
Centrally Planned economies with living standards that are higher than LDCs but personal freedoms are restricted (ex. North Korea)
RIC
Recently Industrializing Countries
LIC
low- income countries
LEDCs
Less economically developed countries
Brandy line
Supposed to divide the world by development but was very racially motivated and is irrelevant now
Global Periphery (LICs)
30 countries; GDP per capita lower than USD 1045
Fragile states
Somalia and Eritrea with high influence of Agriculture and increased political conflict and instability
Semi-periphery (MICs/EE)
80 countries; greater than USD 10000 annually; marked by factory expansion, industrialization and globalization
EE
Emerging Economies
Global middle class
Those with discretionary income they can spend on excess consumer goods
Global core (HICs)
80 countries; more than USD 12736 annually; ½ of such a class being considered “developed countries”; marked by more office work over factory employment- a more post-industrial economy
Purchasing power indexes
Indexes comparing the same exact product that is sold globally by their price in each country they are sold in (converted to USD) to rank their purchasing power
Big Mac Index
A purchasing power index but is weak as only sold in 110 countries- not all
Mini Mac Index
A purchasing power index using the Apple IPad Mini
Billy index
A purchasing power index using the IKEA Billy Shelf- not available EVERYWHERE
GNI (Gross national income)
an economic indicator measuring the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people both inside and outside the country’s borders- doesn’t consider that some countries barter goods instead of selling them
GDP (per capita)
GDP divided by total number of population- an economic index measuring average income though income, realistically, is way more divided than that
PPP (purchasing power parity)
an economic index determining economic development and competitiveness of a country but it does not consider variation of prices WITHIN a country
GDP (gross-domestic product)
The value of goods and services after sold, annually- an economic indicator of a countries’ areas of improvement that justify public spending but does not consider inflation, savings, and that some countries barter goods instead of selling them
HDI
a composite index measuring the balance of life expectancy, education, GDP per capita to rank and asses a country’s wholistic development but is not considerate of regional differences in devolopment
Life expectancy
Average age people can expect to age to- social indicator that can help asses a country’s healthcare development but doesn’t account for those born in poverty/living without documentation
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies per 1000 that die within their first year of birth- a social indicator that can help asses a country’s healthcare development but doesn’t account for those born in poverty/living without documentation
Literacy rate
The number of people over 15 who can read or write- doesn’t consider the visually or physically disabled but counts them as part of the population!!! Calling them uneducated!!!
Development a the expense of the enviroment
The growth of a country compared to its damage to its environment and the depletion of its resources- but doesn’t consider a country’s possible lack of resources to begin with or specify what development the index is targeting or how it can be quantified
The event in which Nigeria’s economy doubled overnight shows us that…
a country’s economy is relative to the industries its government considers as its income sources
Suburbanization
Migration to the outer city edges, usually occupied by industries, immigrants, or the middle class
Agglomeration
Clustering
Millionaire city
cities with over a million resident
Mega cities
cities with over 10 million in population
Geographical transformation
Agricultural land to urban land
City clusters
China in the last 30 yeasr has seen
a shift of 100 million people from rural areas to urban cities
Distance decay
A prediction that the farther you travel from core regions of a country, the lower the wealth and development of the area
Periphery regions
Edges/Rural areas of a country, away from capital/more developed regions
Core regions
Capital city, economic/tourist hubs
City clusters have the potential to
improve economic integration but also increase income inequality
Informal economy
Unregulated by the government and does not need into overall country income of regional reserves- has no social support or protection (ex. Subsistence farming where one farms enough to just feed their family
Return migration
People (61.3% males) move for seasonal work and then return to rural origins
Primate city
A city that’s disproportionately bigger that its other regions within the country
Nigeria’s primate city
Lagos produces 20% of its overall GDP and consists of 4102K people
In Nigeria urban centers,
draw in a lot of internal migrants (51.5% women) for work when leaving to work in the core regions is too expensive
Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory
Has a GDP of more than 7000USD per person which is 2x Nigeria’s average
Nigeria is overly dependent on its oil
with it contributing around $594 billion USD in 2015, which makes it very volatile to oil price changes
Nigeria’s job oppertunities are
scattered
China’s job opportunities are
clustered around its core regions
From 2020 the world’s population
is predicted to grow by 1% yearly
Note
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