Unit 1 - Transitioning populations

From 1960 to 2010, the population increased by

over 4 billion

Economic gaps between the rich and poor in 2010 from 1960

More transitionary states of economy over large, blank gaps between classes- but comparing the largest economies and the smallest personal economies; the gap is larger than ever.

The Paradox of the Poor

The poor are in bad states because they cannot provide enough for their population but their population keeps growing because their poorness leads to a lack of education (sex ed, too), access to birth control, medical services and family planning.

The ideal “rich” class would serve as

the foundation for the development of poorer regions, being stationary in their development after being more developed than other regions

With a fewer number of children being born…

The child survival rate increases as there are enough child healthcare services (vaccines, housing, clean water, food, education) to be allocated to every born child

Most of the population of today exist within the

“emerging economy” class

Population density

Measurement of people per unit of land area

Population distribution

The spatial pattern of the dispersal of people

Why is Asia and Africa so underdeveloped

It lagged behind by consequence of colonization; having their natural resources stolen; their wealth seized; innovation squandered; rises in war, famine, and disaster; and low priority given to healthcare

By 1948, USA was

leading in development, Japan close behind and Iran profiting off their oil

By 2009, Luxembourg was

the best in life expectancy and health

By 2009, Colombia was

the worst in life expectancy and health

Specialist equipment (warm cloths, heaters, etc.)

allow people to live in places that were priorly inhabitable

Weather

Short-term changes to temperature

Climate

Long term patterns of temperature and weather

Only 10% of the world’s population habitat

80% of the world’s land

Primary development sector

Extraction of raw materials; very pre-industrial and on the decline

Secondary development sector

Manufacturing of goods/industrial labor; peaked in industrial era but on steep decline

Tertiary development sector

Service industry and education; on the rise since the industrial era

Quaternary development sector

Technology, Research and Development; only existent after the industrial era and steeply rising

Trends

Changes over time

Patterns

Changes across places

Physical factors restricting population growth

Elevated land; depressed land; costal regions; Polar weather; Limited spaces for living; Extreme, temperate weather

Elevated land

hard to cultivate (non-arable)

depressed land

prone to natural disasters and the disappearing of land

costal regions

vulnerable to soil erosion

Polar/Extremely tropical weather

living expensive due to the specialist equipment needed to live and work

Extreme, temperate weather

Makes it hard to adapt and predict changes and develop despite

Human factors for population distribution

Job opportunities; living expenses; purchasing power; healthcare/education ranking/availability; liberty and human rights; political unrest

Political unrest

Leads to internal and external migration- is most prominent in peripheral regions as it becomes harder to control and govern people away from the core regions usually due to its vast size and lack of governmental influence

Job oppertunities

Cause migration as there is work demand in overpopulated areas to provide for the population

Living expenses

Account for the specialist equipment that is required to live in a certain area. More developed places also tend to be more expensive to live in

Purchasing power

The cost of living is closely accosted with a country’s purchasing power

Healthcare/education rankin/availability

One may wish to move to places that will open up more opportunities in the future

Liberty and human rights

People can migrate to seek refugee from violations of their human rights

San Fransisco

Lives on the Andreas Fault line but is prosperous due to the money generated from its pacific coastline, leading it to be prosperous

Las Vegas

is life-threateningly arid by nature but water transfer schemes fueled its development into another sector instead of investing in trying to make it fertile

Doha

uses oil money to finance air conditioning to battle its horribly temperate and warm climate and desalinate its water to battle its land’s arid nature

Tourism

Countries with more tourist attractions can generate more income and even encourage new migration

Peru and Chile

have dense population clusters as people live around the inhabitable high land

Dhaka and China

Draw in people with their high demand for menial and industrial labour as manufacturing powerhouses

Greenland

Is sparsely populated (2 ppl per km2) because of its polar climate

Australia

used to have very strict immigration policies that have begun to loosen with its underpopulation crisis (0.2 ppl per km2)

Devolopment

Advancement of systems to become more globalized and further the scope of utilization of the object- can be poorly implemented to cause a negative change

Economic transition

A country’s movement from economically depending on its primary industries to depending on its secondary industries to its tertiary and quaternary industries

The introduction of new technology and research

Improves living standards and wealth for ALL its people

NIC

Newly Industrialized Country (Malaysia, Taiwan, etc.) Might develop into HICs

HIC

High-income countries

MEDC

More economically developed countries

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

BRICS

Countries with rapid economic growth due to its young population- first NIC catagory (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

CIVETS

Emerging market countries with notable young populations and equally sector-depended economies (Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa)

MINT

Countries with rapid economic growth due to its young population- second NIC category (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey)

N11

Emerging markets with potential to become the world’s largest economies- Next 11 (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam)

CPEs

Centrally Planned economies with living standards that are higher than LDCs but personal freedoms are restricted (ex. North Korea)

RIC

Recently Industrializing Countries

LIC

low- income countries

LEDCs

Less economically developed countries

Brandy line

Supposed to divide the world by development but was very racially motivated and is irrelevant now

Global Periphery (LICs)

30 countries; GDP per capita lower than USD 1045

Fragile states

Somalia and Eritrea with high influence of Agriculture and increased political conflict and instability

Semi-periphery (MICs/EE)

80 countries; greater than USD 10000 annually; marked by factory expansion, industrialization and globalization

EE

Emerging Economies

Global middle class

Those with discretionary income they can spend on excess consumer goods

Global core (HICs)

80 countries; more than USD 12736 annually; ½ of such a class being considered “developed countries”; marked by more office work over factory employment- a more post-industrial economy

Purchasing power indexes

Indexes comparing the same exact product that is sold globally by their price in each country they are sold in (converted to USD) to rank their purchasing power

Big Mac Index

A purchasing power index but is weak as only sold in 110 countries- not all

Mini Mac Index

A purchasing power index using the Apple IPad Mini

Billy index

A purchasing power index using the IKEA Billy Shelf- not available EVERYWHERE

GNI (Gross national income)

an economic indicator measuring the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people both inside and outside the country’s borders- doesn’t consider that some countries barter goods instead of selling them

GDP (per capita)

GDP divided by total number of population- an economic index measuring average income though income, realistically, is way more divided than that

PPP (purchasing power parity)

an economic index determining economic development and competitiveness of a country but it does not consider variation of prices WITHIN a country

GDP (gross-domestic product)

The value of goods and services after sold, annually- an economic indicator of a countries’ areas of improvement that justify public spending but does not consider inflation, savings, and that some countries barter goods instead of selling them

HDI

a composite index measuring the balance of life expectancy, education, GDP per capita to rank and asses a country’s wholistic development but is not considerate of regional differences in devolopment

Life expectancy

Average age people can expect to age to- social indicator that can help asses a country’s healthcare development but doesn’t account for those born in poverty/living without documentation

Infant mortality rate

The number of babies per 1000 that die within their first year of birth- a social indicator that can help asses a country’s healthcare development but doesn’t account for those born in poverty/living without documentation

Literacy rate

The number of people over 15 who can read or write- doesn’t consider the visually or physically disabled but counts them as part of the population!!! Calling them uneducated!!!

Development a the expense of the enviroment

The growth of a country compared to its damage to its environment and the depletion of its resources- but doesn’t consider a country’s possible lack of resources to begin with or specify what development the index is targeting or how it can be quantified

The event in which Nigeria’s economy doubled overnight shows us that…

a country’s economy is relative to the industries its government considers as its income sources

Suburbanization

Migration to the outer city edges, usually occupied by industries, immigrants, or the middle class

Agglomeration

Clustering

Millionaire city

cities with over a million resident

Mega cities

cities with over 10 million in population

Geographical transformation

Agricultural land to urban land

City clusters

China in the last 30 yeasr has seen

a shift of 100 million people from rural areas to urban cities

Distance decay

A prediction that the farther you travel from core regions of a country, the lower the wealth and development of the area

Periphery regions

Edges/Rural areas of a country, away from capital/more developed regions

Core regions

Capital city, economic/tourist hubs

City clusters have the potential to

improve economic integration but also increase income inequality

Informal economy

Unregulated by the government and does not need into overall country income of regional reserves- has no social support or protection (ex. Subsistence farming where one farms enough to just feed their family

Return migration

People (61.3% males) move for seasonal work and then return to rural origins

Primate city

A city that’s disproportionately bigger that its other regions within the country

Nigeria’s primate city

Lagos produces 20% of its overall GDP and consists of 4102K people

In Nigeria urban centers,

draw in a lot of internal migrants (51.5% women) for work when leaving to work in the core regions is too expensive

Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory

Has a GDP of more than 7000USD per person which is 2x Nigeria’s average

Nigeria is overly dependent on its oil

with it contributing around $594 billion USD in 2015, which makes it very volatile to oil price changes

Nigeria’s job oppertunities are

scattered

China’s job opportunities are

clustered around its core regions

From 2020 the world’s population

is predicted to grow by 1% yearly