AP Human Geography Test Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts from AP Human Geography related to agriculture, economic geography, development indicators, urban models, and economic development.

What is the First Agricultural Revolution?

Domestication of plants and animals, shifting from hunting and gathering.

What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Mechanization and improved techniques alongside the Industrial Revolution.

What is the Green Revolution?

Introduction of high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase food production; criticism includes widening the gap between wealthy and poor farmers.

What is Subsistence Agriculture?

Practiced for local consumption with little or no surplus.

What are Cash Crops?

Grown primarily for sale/export rather than consumption.

What is Agribusiness?

Large-scale, industrialized, and corporate-run agriculture.

What is the Primary Sector?

Direct extraction of resources (farming, fishing, mining).

What is the Secondary Sector?

Processing/manufacturing raw materials.

What is the Tertiary Sector?

Services (teaching, healthcare).

What is the Quaternary Sector?

Research and knowledge-based services.

What is Export-Oriented Industrialization?

Producing goods for international markets, driven by low labor costs/foreign investment.

What is Outsourcing?

Loss of manufacturing jobs in core countries, but often lowers consumer prices.

What is Economic Dependency?

Occurs when countries rely heavily on a few export crops.

What factors result in a High Human Development Index (HDI)?

High literacy rates, long life expectancy, high GNI per capita.

What are the characteristics of the Concentric Zone Model?

Rings around the central business district (CBD).

What are the characteristics of the Sector Model (Hoyt)?

Urban growth spreads outward in sectors or wedges along transportation routes.

What are the characteristics of the Multiple Nuclei Model?

Cities have multiple centers of activity, not just one CBD.

What are the characteristics of the Galactic City Model?

Emphasizes nodes of activity and urban decentralization.

What is the purpose of Zoning laws?

Regulate land use to control development.

What did Industrialization in the early 20th century lead to?

Led to urban growth, overcrowded tenements, and sanitation issues.

What was the result of Urbanization?

Prompted infrastructure improvements and the adoption of zoning laws.

What drove Post-WWII suburbanization?

Driven by automobile ownership and highway construction.

According to the Von Thünen Model, how is agricultural land arranged around a city?

Market gardening/dairy (perishable items) is located closest to this, followed by grain, ranching (less perishable).

What is Desertification?

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid regions, due to overuse and drought.

What is the Long-lot system?

Land divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers or roads.

What are Metes and bounds?

Irregular land division based on natural features.

What is the Township-and-range system?

Grid system used in the U.S. Midwest.

What are Core Countries?

Dominates global trade with strong service/manufacturing sectors.

What are Periphery Countries?

Dependent on exporting raw materials or low-wage labor.

What are Semi-Periphery Countries?

Industrializing and moving between the periphery and core status.

What factors are measured in the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Life expectancy, education, income.

What is Subsistence Agriculture?

Farming mainly for local consumption, not for trade.

What are the characteristics of the Concentric Zone Model?

City grows in rings around a central business district (CBD).

What are the characteristics of the Sector Model (Hoyt Model)?

City develops in wedges or sectors along transportation routes.

What are the characteristics of the Multiple Nuclei Model?

Cities have multiple centers (nodes) for different activities.

What are the characteristics of the Galactic City Model (edge cities)?

Suburban nodes (edge cities) become centers of activity.

What is Suburbanization?

Movement of people from urban centers to suburbs.

What is Tenement Housing?

Overcrowded, poorly maintained apartment buildings.

What is The First Agricultural Revolution?

Shift from hunting/gathering to domesticating plants/animals.

What is Rectangular Survey System?

Divides land into rectangular parcels using a grid.