PE AOS 3

EPOC

This occurs at the end of the race or session and is the extra oxygen consumed  

oxygen deficit

The time when oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply usually at the start of exercise

Steady State

This occurs when oxygen consumption meets the oxygen demand by the working muscles 

Heat stroke

when your core temp is greater then 40 degrees some a symptoms of it could be entering shock

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Circulates blood, transports water, oxygen, and nutrients to cells, transports wastes including carbon dioxide away from cells, maintains correct body temperature, and helps fight disease through white blood cells and antibodies.

What are the main structures of the heart?

The heart is a pump with 4 chambers: 2 atria (which receive blood) and 2 ventricles (which pump blood). Valves prevent blood from moving backwards.

What is the difference between the right and left sides of the heart?

The right side receives deoxygenated blood, while the left side receives oxygenated blood. The sides are divided by the septum.

What is systemic circulation?

Systemic circulation is the process of blood being pumped from the heart to the body.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Pulmonary circulation is the process of blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs.

What is the formula for cardiac output (Q)?

Cardiac output (Q) is calculated as stroke volume (SV) multiplied by heart rate (HR): Q = SV x HR.

What are the main components of blood?

Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

What do red blood cells do?

Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the muscles; they are made in the bone marrow and live for about 4 months.

What is the function of platelets?

Platelets help stop bleeding by causing clots and forming scabs.

What do arteries do?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and need to be thick and strong to handle high pressure.

What do veins do?

Veins bring blood back to the heart, and they have thinner walls due to lower blood pressure.

What are capillaries?

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, only 1 cell thick, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for waste products.

What is systolic blood pressure?

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract.

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the veins when the ventricles relax.

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

Systolic blood pressure increases during exercise, while diastolic blood pressure is generally unaffected.

What is vasoconstriction?

Vasoconstriction is when blood vessels narrow at areas where blood is not needed to reduce blood flow.

What is vasodilation?

Vasodilation is when blood vessels widen, allowing more blood flow to working muscles.

What is hypothermia?

Hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops below 35 degrees, potentially causing shivering and confusion.

What is hyperthermia?

Hyperthermia arises when body temperature rises above 38 degrees, which can occur due to dehydration and heat gain.

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

1. Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs. 2. Facilitate gaseous exchange. 3. Create speech. 4. Facilitate the sense of smell. 5. Expel heat and water vapor.

What structures make up the respiratory system?

1. Air passages 2. Lungs 3. Diaphragm

What are the components of the air passages?

1. Nasal cavity and mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles 7. Alveoli

What is diffusion in respiration?

The movement of gas from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

At the site of the alveoli.

What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?

It is an involuntary smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing at all times.

How is inspiration initiated?

The intercostal muscles contract to lift the rib cage and the diaphragm contracts to flatten, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure, causing air to enter.

What happens during expiration?

The intercostal muscles relax, lowering the rib cage and the diaphragm relaxes to dome shape, decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure, causing air to exit.

What is tidal volume?

The amount of air breathed in and out in one breath.

What is the formula for ventilation?

Ventilation (V) = Tidal Volume (TV) x Respiratory Rate (RR).

ventilation

the amount air inspired and expired in 1 minute

respiratory rate

amount breaths per minute

gas exchange at lungs

oxygen moves form the alveoli where there’s is high concentration into the capillaries where there is low concentration . carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries where there is high concentration to the alveoli where there is low concentration to be expired

gas exchange at muscles

• Oxygenated blood is transported to the muscles  

• High levels of oxygen diffuse  from the capillaries into the low concentration of muscles  

• The opposite reaction occurs  increased carbon dioxide concentration in muscles diffuse into the low concentration in the capillaries which is then transported  back to the alveoli to be expired  

AVO2 difference

The change in oxygen concentration levels between arteries and veins

Pulmonary diffusion

the process that enables high oxygen concertation levels in the arteries through As the oxygen moves via diffusion from  high concertation in alveoli to low concertation to capillaries and then attaches haemoglobin in red blood Cells to be transported to muscles. this oxygen returns to heart and leaves via heart through arteries  

Muscle Capillary diffusion

Muscle capillary diffusion is the process that reduces oxygen concentration in veins. Oxygen rich blood is transported to muscles due to it being demanded. High levels of oxygen diffuse from the capillaries into the low concentration of muscles. Leaving a low concentration of oxygen in veins. 

VO2 Max

The maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported and used by the working muscles to produce ATP  

Relative VO2 Max

the total amount of oxygen consumed relative to body weight and size  

Absolute VO2 Max

the amount of oxygen breathed in in liters per minute. 

Difference in absolute VO2 max vs Relative VO2 max

relative acknowledges Body measurements absolute just takes in litres per minute

Vo2 max test vs yo yo test

More accurate as it involves using specialized equipment to measure your intake and use of oxygen.Yo Yo test is just an estimate and less controlled