Unit 14 COOP quiz #1

Anatomy

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

cerebrum

the largest part of the brain and where thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory and complex movement originate

cerebral cortex

a superficial layer of gray matter formed by neurons that cover the cerebral hemispheres

fissures

deep groves on the brain that separate larger brain regions

cerebellum

second largest part of the brain that adjusts ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations w/ previously experienced sensations

thalamus and hypothalamus

what does the diencephalon consist of?

thalamus

wall of the diencephalon that contains relay and processing centers for sensory info

hypothalamus

the floor of the diencephalon that contains centers involved w/ emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

infundibulum

narrow stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland- a part of the endocrine system (this connection integrates the endocrine and nervous systems)

diencephalon

region of the brain consisting of the thalamus and hypothalamus that is a structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

brainstem

region of the brain that contains important processing centers and nuclei that relay info headed to or from the cerebrum or cerebellum.

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

what 3 things make up the brainstem?

midbrain

contains nuclei that process visual and auditory info and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli

pons

connects the cerebellum to the brainstem, in addition to tracts and relay centers. it also contains nuclei involved w/ somatic and visceral motor control

medulla oblongata

connects the brain to the spinal cord and structurally resembles the spinal cord because it has a narrow central canal. It relays sensory info to the thalamus and centers in other portions of the brainstem

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what are the 3 layers of cranial meninges?

dura mater

consists of outer and inner fibrous layers

* the outer layer is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones

dural folds

projections that provide additional stabilization and support to the brain, and are created by dura mater

dural venous sinuses

large collecting veins located within dural folds to deliver venous blood to the neck

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

what are the 3 biggest dural folds?

falx cerebri

a fold of dura mater that projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal cerebral fissure

* the superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus lie within this dural fold

tentorium cerebelli

dural fold that protects the cerebellum and separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

falx cerebelli

dural fold that divides the two cerebellar hemispheres along the midsagittal line

subdural space

the narrow gap that separates dura mater from the next layer of membrane

arachnoid mater

a membrane that structurally resembles a spider web and covers the brain, providing a smooth surface that does not follow the brain’s underlying folds.

subarachnoid space

space containing cells and fibers of the arachnoid trabecule and lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

pia mater

cranial meninge that sticks closely to the surface of the brain and is anchored by the process of astrocytes

* it accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels as they penetrate the surface of the brain to reach internal structures

cerebrospinal fluid

completely surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS

* supporting the brain
* cushioning delicate structures
* transporting nutrients, chemical messengers and waste

what are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

supporting the brain

the brain is suspended inside the cranium and floats in the CSF

cushioning delicate structures

CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord against trauma

transporting nutrients, chemical messengers and waste

the ependymal lining is freely permeable allowing the flow of different things

choroid plexus

an area within each ventricle that produces CSF

subdural hemorrhage

bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

cranial trauma

a head injury resulting from impact with another object

cerebrovascular diseases

cardiovascular disorders that interfere with normal blood supply to the brain

cerebrovascular accident

occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off

blood brain barrier

a barrier formed by capillary endothelial cells and provides circulation that isolates the nervous tissue in the CNS from general circulation

* establishing emotional states
* linking conscious and unconscious functions
* facilitating memory storage and retrieval

what are the 3 functions of the limbic system?

linking conscious and unconscious

the limbic system function that links the conscious intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and anatomical functions of the brainstem

limbic lobe

is in the cerebral hemisphere and consists of superficial folds or gyri and underlying structures adjacent to the diencephalon

3 gyri of the limbic lobe

1. the circulate gyrus sits superior to the corpus callosum
2. the dentate gyrus forms the posterior portion of the limbic lobe
3. the parahippocampal gyrus forms the inferior of the limbic lobe

hippocampus

a nucleus inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle that is concealed by gyri

amygdala

a cerebral nucleus that acts as an interface between the limbic system, the cerebrum and various sensory systems

* it also plays a role in regulating heart rate in responding to anxiety and fear

fornix

a tract of cerebral white matter that connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

sulci

shallow grooves formed by the cerebral cortex

gyri

rounded elevations formed by the cerebral cortex