AP World Unit 5 - Key Themes and Concepts

Flashcards containing key themes and terms for AP World 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Water Frame

patented by Richard Arkwright (father of factory system) in 1769 → used waterpower to drive spinning wheel → doomed household textile cotton industry

James Hargreaves

invented spinning jenny in 1760s → allowed weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

Richard Arkwright

father of factory system → patented water frame in 1769 → used waterpower to drive spinning wheel doomed household textile cotton industry

Factory System

method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor

Agricultural Revolution

increased productivity in early 1700s

Crop Rotation

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

Seed Drill

device that efficiently placed seeds in a designated spot in the ground - created by jethro tull

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Industrialization

increased mechanization of production

Cottage Industry

merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth more efficiently

Eli Whitney

created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for US military in 1798

Interchangeable Parts

if a particular component of a machine were to break, it could be replaced by a new, identical part

Division of Labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency

Specialization of Labor

each worker could focus on one type of task

Assembly Line

used by Henry Ford → expanded concept of division of labor to build Model T automobiles

Enclosure Movement

government fenced off commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for it

Seaways

inland waterway capable of accommodating seagoing ships

Raw Materials

used to make finished products

Manchester/Liverpool

urban area in Britain

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Moscow to Pacific Ocean → Russia could trade with East Asia

Human Capital

workforce

Company Rule

EIC control over parts of Indian subcontinent from 1757-1858

Coal

US fossil fuel used in steam powered engines and the mass production of iron

Coaling Stations

places where steam- powered ships could refuel

Alexander Graham Bell

Issued the patent for the telephone in 1876

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian physicist who developed radio through a series of experiments. Able to send and receive a signal across the atlantic in 1901.

Transcontinental Railroad

completed in 1869, connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, facilitated U.S. industrial growth, heavily subsidized by public funds

Steam Engine

provided inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam → generated energy for machinery

James Watt

Created the steam engine in 1765

Steel

Bessemer Process in 1856 → steel (alloy of iron and carbon) became strong versatile backbone of industrial society

Oil

petroleum used to extract kerosene for lighting/heating. Chemical extraction → precision machinery and external combustion engine → automobiles and planes → gasoline became most important

Capital

money available to invest in a business → driving force domestically and abroad

Second Industrial Revolution

late 19th- early 20th centuries → developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics