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Pseudostrabismus

Normal in young children, the pupils will appear at the inner canthus (due to the epicanthic fold).

Strabismus (or Tropia)

A constant malalignment of the eye axis, is defined according to the direction toward which the eye drifts and may cause amblyopia.

Esotropia

(eye turns inward).

Exotropia

(eye turns outward).

Phoria (Mild Weakness)

Noticeable only with the cover test, is less likely to cause amblyopia than strabismus.

Esophoria

is an inward drift and

exophoria

an outward drift of the eye.

Ptosis

(drooping eye)

ectropion

outwardly turned lower lid

conjunctivitis

generalized inflammation of the conjunctiva

exophthalmos

protruding eyeballs and retracted eyelids

chalazion

infected meibomian gland

hordeolum (stye)

entropion

inwardly turned lower eye lid

blepharitis

staphylococcal infection of the eyelid

diffuse episcleritis

inflammation of the sclera

subconjunctival hemorrhage

bright red areas of the sclera

scleral jaundice

corneal scar

which appears grayish white, may be due to inflammation or an old injury.

pterygium

a thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that extends across the nasal side.

Nuclear cataracts

appear gray when seen with a flashlight; they appear as a black spot against the red reflex

Peripheral cataracts

look like gray spokes that point inward when seen with a flashlight; they look like black spokes that point inward against the red reflex when seen through an ophthalmoscope.

miosis

Also known as pinpoint pupils, is characterized by constricted and fixed pupils possibly a result of narcotic drugs or brain damage.

anisocoria

is pupils of unequal size. In some cases, the condition is normal; in other cases, it is abnormal. For example, if is greater in bright light compared with dim light, the cause may be trauma, tonic pupil (caused by impaired parasympathetic nerve supply to iris, and oculomotor nerve paralysis.

Mydriasis

Dilated and fixed pupils, typically resulting from central nervous system injury, circulatory collapse, or deep anesthesia.

PAPILLEDEMA

• Swollen optic disc

• Blurred margins

• Hyperemic appearance from accumulation of excess blood

• Visible and numerous disc vessels

• Lack of visible physiologic cup

GLAUCOMA

• Enlarged physiologic cup occupying more than half of the disc's diameter

• Pale base of enlarged physiologic cup

• Obscured and/or displaced retina vessels

optic atrophy

• white optic disc

• lack of disc vessels

constricted arteriole

• narrowing of the arterials

• occurs with hypertension

COTTON WOOL PATCHES

• Also known as soft exudates, cotton wool patches have a fluffy cotton ball appearance, with irregular edges.

• Appear as white or gray moderately-sized spots on retinal background

• Caused by arteriole microinfarction

• Associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension