EFB 103 Unit 1 Exam Study Set

Deductive reasoning

uses general principles to make specific predictions (much of science today)

Inductive reasoning

uses specific observations to develop a general conclusion ( including many examples to formulate a general principle)

Reductionism

seeks to understand systems by breaking them down into individual components

Emergent properties

result from the interaction of parts within a system

Genetics

General information: direction, development, growth, and division

DNA provides the blueprints for proteins

Genes control protein production through RNA

Molecular Biology

Organisms (and non-living things) are composed of matter = anything that takes up space and mass

Protons

positively charged particles

Neutrons

neutral particles

Electrons

negatively charged particles

Atomic number

number of protons

mass number

the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic mass

can be approximated by the mass number

Isotopes

Atomic number of an element may differ in the number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Cations

have more protons than electrons and are positively charged

Anions

have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged

Valence electrons

are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Octet rule

(a good rule of thumb for most atoms in living things) - Atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels

Molecules

are groups of atoms held together in a stable association

Compounds

are molecules containing more than one type of element

Atoms

more than one type of element that combine to form molecules and compounds

Covalent bonds

form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons

Electronegativity

is an atom's affinity for electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electron

Chemical reaction

making and breaking chemical bonds

reactants

The starting molecules of a chemical reactions

products

The final molecules of a chemical reaction

Chemical equilibrium

reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

Cohesion

Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon called ____

Adhesion

Water Transport in Plants

Temperature moderation

Water has a high specific heat

A large amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water

Water has a high heat of vaporization

The evaporation of water from the surface causes cooling of that surface

Ice Floats on Liquid Water

Solid water is less dense than liquid water

Bodies of water freeze from the top down

Water is a good solven

Water dissolves polar molecules and ions

Ever-larger polar molecules, such as proteins, can dissolve in water if they have ionic and polar regions

solution

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

solvent

is the thing that is doing the dissolving

solute

the substance that is dissolved

aqueous solution

one in which water is the solvent

Hydrophilic

Water-loving

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing

cis trans isomers

atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of double bonds

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of one another

ATP

An important source of energy for cellular processes

Dehydration synthesis

synthesizing a polymer, pull water out to make a bond

Hydrolysis

breaking down a polymer, breaking down the chain

Carbohydrates

molecules with 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Glucose

A monosaccharide - single sugar

Contains 6 carbons

Very important for energy storage

Can be linear or it can be ring

Structural Chitin

Makes satire to insects exoskeleton

Mostly glucose monomers and some nitrogen

Nucleic Acids (NA)

Two main types (DNA and RNA)

Main Functions: Store, Transmit, and Help Express Heredity Information

Nucleic Acid building block - Nucleotide

Bioinformatics

uses computer software and other tools to analyze the data

Genomics

analyzes large sets of genes

Enzymes proteins

Selection acceleration of chemical reactions

Defensive proteins

Protection against disease (Antibodies are inactive and help destroy viruses)

Storage proteins

Store amino acids (milk is a major source of amino acids for baby mammals)

Transport proteins

Transport of substances (Hemoglobin)

Hormonal proteins

coordinates of an organization's activities (insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas increase other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration

Receptor proteins

Responses of the cell to chemical stimuli (receptors bulit into the membrane of a nerve)

Contractile and motor proteins

movement (motor proteins)

Structural proteins

support (keratin in hair)

Polypeptides

unbranched polymers built from the amino acids

protein

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

Primary structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

interaction of groups on the peptide backbone

Tertiary structure

folded shape of the polypeptide

hydroponics interaction

amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in the core of the protein

Quaternary structure

inaction between multiple polypeptide subunits

denaturation

a loss of structure of structure - inactive

Lipids

a group of molecules that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

Fats

Triglyceride (fats)

Composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Great for energy storage

Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats can be synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Process also procures trans fats, which have trans double bonds

Saturated fat

Space-filling model of stearic acid, a fatty acid (butter)

Unsaturated fat

Space-filling model of oleic acid, a fatty acid (vegetable oil)

Phospholipid

1 glycerol

2 fatty acids

A phosphate group

contain "heads: and nonpolar "tails (amphipathic)

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings

cell membrane

More than just lipids

Dynamic

Transport in/out

Membrane structure

the fluid musical model of membrane structure contends that membranes consist

Transport across the membrane

passive and active transport

Passive Transport Diffusion

integral membrane proteins allow the cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane (require no energy ), go with the concentration gradient,

channel proteins

have a polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through

carrier proteins

bind to specific molecules to facilitate their passage

Osmosis

movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration

hypertonic solution

a higher solute concentration

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration

Active Transport

Against concentration gradient

Requires energy

Requires a carrier protein

Ligand

the singling molecule

Receptor protein

the molecules to which the receptor binds

Endocrine signaling

hormones released froma cell affect other cells throughout the body

Paracrine signaling

signal (local regulators) released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells

Direct contact

molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptor on the adjacent cell

Ion

change in electrons

Isotope

change in neutrons

CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)

carbohydrates

oxygen present in a molecule means it’s most likely

polar

CHONP - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate

nucleic acids

what contains a base, phosphate, and sugar?

nucleic acids

purines

adenine and guanine, have double rings

pyramidines

cytosine, uracil, thymine, single rings

CHON - alpha carbon, amino group (nitrogen), carboxyl group (hydrogen and oxyen), R group (side chain)

proteins