Gerontologic Theory and Conceptual Models

Question–and–Answer flashcards covering genetic and stochastic biological theories of aging, key molecular concepts, psychological theories (Erikson & Maslow), and health-promotion strategies relevant to gerontologic nursing.

What is the biological term for the aging process in which cells lose their ability to reproduce?

Senescence (replicative senescence)

Which two broad categories do biological theories of aging fall into?

Genetic (programmed) theories and stochastic (damage/error) theories

What structures act as protective “caps” on chromosomes and shorten with age, increasing DNA vulnerability?

Telomeres

Which enzyme can rebuild telomeres and is a potential target for healthy aging research?

Telomerase

What field studies how environmental factors turn genes on or off without altering DNA sequences?

Epigenetics

Name three environmental factors that can influence the epigenome.

Stress, diet, and physical activity (others: lifestyle, social interactions)

What is the collective term for age-related genomic changes such as somatic mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction that drive aging?

Genomic instability

What pro-inflammatory condition results from senescent cells secreting harmful cytokines?

Inflammaging

How does stem cell exhaustion contribute to aging?

It interferes with self-renewal and replacement of differentiated cells, reducing tissue repair.

Which programmed theory states cells divide a finite number of times before apoptosis?

Programmed Theory (Hayflick phenomenon)

What does the Biological Clock Theory propose?

An internal genetic clock sequentially switches genes on and off, regulating development, maturity, and aging.

The decline in nervous, endocrine, and immune function with age is central to which genetic theory?

Neuroendocrine Control or Pacemaker Theory

What is immunosenescence?

Age-related decline and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune function

Which branch of immunity—cell-mediated or humoral—is more affected by aging?

Cell-mediated immunity (T cells)

Free radicals mainly damage which cellular DNA, according to the Free Radical Theory?

Mitochondrial DNA

What dietary approach is hypothesized to extend lifespan by lowering oxidative damage?

Caloric Restriction (CR)

Name two agents thought to mimic the effects of caloric restriction.

Resveratrol and metformin

Which theory attributes aging to accumulated protein cross-links that impair nutrient transport and waste removal?

Cross-Linking Theory

Give an everyday example of cross-linking effects on the body.

Stiff joints and dry, less-elastic skin

The concept that cells and tissues “wear out” from continuous use underpins which stochastic theory?

Wear and Tear Theory

Which organelles’ accumulated damage is central to the Mitochondrial Theory of aging?

Mitochondria

List three health promotion strategies to counter biological aging.

Avoid pollutants, encourage regular exercise, ensure immunizations (others: stress reduction, healthy diet, handwashing)

In Erikson’s stage for young adulthood, what is the developmental conflict?

Intimacy versus Isolation

Failure to form intimate relationships in young adulthood leads to what outcome in Erikson’s model?

Isolation

What is the main task of Erikson’s Stage 7 (middle adulthood)?

Generativity—creating or nurturing things that outlast the individual

According to Erikson, an inability to contribute to society during middle age results in what?

Stagnation

What is the developmental conflict in Erikson’s Stage 8 (old age)?

Integrity versus Despair

In Erikson’s final stage, what feeling indicates successful resolution?

Satisfaction with life accomplishments (integrity)

Which level is at the base of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Physiologic/biological needs

Give two examples of Maslow’s safety needs for older adults.

Adequate shelter and protection through public laws/order

At which Maslow level do relationships and belonging become central?

Love and Belonging

What characterizes the self-esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy?

Feeling competent, confident, respected; seeking recognition

Name two activities that reflect self-actualization for older adults.

Pursuing creative hobbies and volunteering on social issues

Why should nurses encourage older adults to reminisce about their lives?

It supports Erikson’s integrity and enhances life satisfaction

What immunization strategy should be promoted to support healthy aging?

Vaccination against common infectious organisms (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal)

Which antioxidant-based intervention for free radicals lacks definitive research support?

Routine high-dose dietary antioxidant supplementation

What is the term for age-related systemic inflammation linked to diseases such as heart disease and arthritis?

Inflammation associated with immunosenescence (often called “inflammaging”)