Rejection of Liberalism

Junta (Hun-ta)

military dictatorship

Second Party State

only one political party is allowed to exist. All other political parties are outlawed

Theocracy

government led by religious leaders

Oligarchy

led by the extremely rich

totalitarianism

citizens total lives are dominated by the dictator

Thomas Carlyle

believed leaders are born and not just voted in

Friedrich Nietzsche

came up with ubermensch which is like superman. A creative individual who does not merely follow or obey the laws of others, even the laws of God

Charles Darwin

• not a philosopher nor politician

• believed in survival of the fittest

Social Darwinism

countries will; either evolve, modernize, advance, and take over weaker countries or they will become extinct

charismatic speaker

populist (not necessarily tied to one ideology) but they speak to the people. They hear the people’s concern and they change their policies according to the people

indoctrination

brain washing, citizens are bombarded with manipulation like propaganda at schools, worek, recreation, sports, church, etc. ALL are spreading the same message→ OBEDIENCE

discontent of the popular discontent

scape goating, as well as xenophobia (fea rof outsiders)

controlled participation

two aspects

1. they do have elections

2. people are told how to vote, there is NO secret ballot

Mass rallies

the idea that they are part of something bigger

interwar years

• time between WW1 and WW2

• dictators at its highest point

Italy after WW1

• devastated

• economy collapsing

• no jobs

• felt disrespected by the treaty of Versailles

Treaty of London

secret treaty between neutral Italy and the Allied forces of France, Britain, and Russia to bring Italy into World War I

The Fascists Party

• antidemocratic

• not inclusive society (only italians)

• social Darwinism

• rejected internationalism

• against peace

• traditional family

Mussolini’s militia

• the black shirts

• thugs

• target anyone who opposed Mussolini, specifically communists

• made uo of business owners and WWI vets

result of March on Rome (1922)

Italian king appointed Mussolini prime minister of Italy as he believed he could work with Mussolini to fight communism

what made Mussolini popular

1. made peace with the church

2. The Mattie Affair

3. got Italians back to work

4. return to past glory

5. OVRA

Lateran Treaties

a treaty declaring the Vatican City State to be the pope's neutral and inviolable territory, guaranteeing his political independence

the Mattei Affair

Controversy surrounds the life and death of Italian administrator Enrico Mattei.

Germany after WWI

• in a worse state than Italy

• government not working (Weimar Republic)

• using proportional representation

• going through civil war

common threat to USA, Germany, AND Italy

communism take over

effects of reparations in Germany

• to pay off they had to constantly print off money

• currency became worthless

• very high inflation

1923-1925 Germany

• France invaded Ruhr

• this area rich in coal

• France took the money directly out of Germany

Dawes Plan

USA lending money to Germany to stabilize and pay off their reparations

Young Plan

allowed Germany to spread out payments over 60 years

Hitler early life

• Austrian born

• fought in the German army in WWI

• believed that they had been stabbed in the back by the German government

Hitler after the war

• believed that they had been stabbed in the back by the German government

• joins the National Socialist German Workers party

• becomes popular giving speeches, became a populist

Hitker’s militia

the brown shirts aka SA

November 1923 Germany

Hitler tried to recreate his own March on Rome, known as the Beer Hall Putsch

after Beer Hall Putsch

HItler and his followers jailed for 9 months on counts of treason

Hitler’s book that he wrote in jail

HItler’s Ideology

1. return to past glory

2. autarky

3. pan-germanism

4. against internationalism/diplomacy/peace/passivism

5. antidemocratic

6. traditional family

7. racial superiority

8. hatred

autarlky

economic independence or self sufficiency

pan-germanism/lebensraum

Germany have to expand going east

direct correlation between how well the___________of Germany is doing and the popularity of the Nazi party

economy

one released from jail, as much as Hitler hated ______________he changed his tactics and used this to achieve power

democracy

In the late 1920’s, the Nazy party is almost bankrupt, but they found a new ally. This is __________________

US Corporations

1932 Germany

5 million Germans out of work and Nazi party had 196/600 seats

1933 Germany

Hitler appointed chancellor by the president, but he still had to answer to the Reichstag and Hitler wanted absolute power

February 1933 Germany

Reichstag fired, Hitler blamed communists

Reichstag Fire Decree

• first thing Hitler out into place

• government can arrest anyone they suspect in having a role in communism

• leaders of the communist party were arrested

March 1933 Germany

• HItler calls an immediate election

• 288/600 seats

• passes the Enabling Act

the Enabling Act

Hitler no longer has to answer to the Reichstag and can make laws himself. Newspapers shut down and strikes became illegal, Hitler gave himself the title of fuhr

Night of the Long Knives

June 1934, Hitler killing the generals of the Brown Shirts (his friends) in order to gain the support of the German army

Nuremburg Laws

• identified who was/was not considered a Jew

• rules for Germans concerning their interactions with Jews

Why was Hitler popular with Germans

1. restoration of German Pride

2. Economic recovery

3. peace with the catholic church

4. ministry of propaganda

Eugenics

• liberal idea

• idea of coming up with the perfect world

• how to decrease the probability of having a child with special needs

• forced sterilization of those considered to be special needs (stop them from pro creating)

how HItler used eugenics

• forcibly sterilized Jews, homosexuals, Slavic people etc

• got Dr. Mengele to perform tests on prisoners to see how they can encourage German women to have multiple births (twins, triplets—propagation of the aryan race)

Similarities between Stalin and Hitler

• both had purges within their own party

• show NO loyalty to those who helped them get to their position

1936 USSR

Stalin writes a constitution

WHat was Stalin’s constitution an example of

controlled participation

Democratic centralism ( Pre Gorbachev years)

members within the party are allowed to disagree and argue however once the decision is made, they have to stand by it in public

what does USSR stand for

union of soviet socialists republic

Hitler’s political party

National Socialist German Workers Party