US History; U4 Industrialization, Immigration, & Urbanization

Industrialize

Change in manufacturing, the shift from agrarian hand-crafted economy to a factory, machine-driven economy

Free Enterprise

(CAPATALIST SYSTEM) FREEDOM of PRIVATE BUISSINESSES to organize and operate for PROFIT within a COMPETITIVE SYSTEM without INTERFERENCE by gov BEYOND REQUIATION necessary to protect public interest and keep national economy in balance.

Entrepreneur

A BUISSINESS FOUNDER which Builds ENTERPRISES

Laissez-Faire

An ECONOMIC PHILOSPHY advocating for MINIMIZED GOV intervention in the economy. This ALLOWED Businesses and Individuals to operate with MAX FREEDOM

Trust

A BUISINESS STRUCTURE where competitive companies or controlling shares are TRANSFEREED to a small group of TRUSTIES who then CONTROL THE INDUSTRY as a SINGLE ENTITITY.

RESTRICTS ONTO COMPANIES

Vertical Integration

Control over ALL STAGES of PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTIONS PROCESSING

Horizontal Integration

When ONE OWNER Controls ALL COMPANIES facilities at ALL STAGES of PRODUCTION or a good COMODITY

Mass production

ASSEMBLY LINE (Harrison Ford) Transformed INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT by increasing efficiency, lowering costs, standardizing products through division of LABOR and INTERCHANGABLE PARTS.

Regulations

Government MANDATED RULES and LAW implemented by Agencies to CONTROL CONDUCT within ECONOMICS and business.

ex: Interstate Commerce Act

Gilded Age

(1879s-1900) aka “ American Second Industrial Revolution.”

The era when THIN SUPERFICIAL LAYER of PROSPERTY “gilded” / Covered issues of INEQUALIRT and EXPLORATION

Collective Bargaining

A NEGOTIATION PROESS where EMPLOYEES ORGANIZED into UNIONS and bargain over wages, hours, benefits, and other working conditions to CREATE A FORMAL AGREEMENT

Political Machines

A PARTY ORGANIZATION led by a “BOSS” or a small, powerful group which CONTROLLED a city, country, or state by COMMANDING a LARGE NUMBER of VOTES

Graft

The DISHONEST, ILLEGAL, or UNETHICAL use of a PUBLIC POSITION for PERSONAL GAIN

Immigration

The ACT OR INSTANCE of going INTO A COUNTRY for PERMANENT RESIDENCE / CITIZENSHIP

Urbanization

The MASS MOVEMENT of PEOPLE from rural areas to growing cities, PRIMARILY DRIVEN by INDUSTRIALIZATION & JOB OPPORTUNITIES.

*Led to transformations of Urban Centers

Unionization

Process of WORKERS FARMING LABOR unions to collectively bargain with EMPLOYEES for better wages, benefits and work conditions

Tenements

POORLY CONSTRUCTED and OVERCROWDED APARTMENTS which housed LOW-INCOME families, particular immigrants and FACTORY WORKERS during the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

Social Darwinism

BELIEF most SUCESSFUL INDIVIDUALS were those whom had ABILITY TO ADAPT, SURVIVE AND THRIVE

“Survival of the fittest” (Charles Darwin)

Nativism

IDEOLOGY and MOVEMENT favoring the native-born “inhabitants” over immigrants.

This idea sought to RESTRICT IMMIGRATION and PROTECT PERCIEVED cultural and economic interests

Xenophobia

FEAT AND HATRED of STRANGERS of foreigners or of anything / foreign