Module 2: Sigmund Frued

sex and aggression

They are the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis

Vienna

Origin of psychoanalyis

Brilliant command of language

What enabled Freud to present his theory in a stimulating and exciting manner?

unconscious, preconscious, conscious

What are the levels of mental life?

Unconscious

It contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.

Indirectly, through dreams, slip of the tongue, and kinds of forgetting

How can the existence of unconscious be proven, according to Freud, if it is not available in the conscious mind?

censorship

Unconscious processes often enter consciousness but only after being disguised or distorted enough to elude _________________

Primary censor

To enter the conscious level of the mind, these unconscious images first must be sufficiently disguised to slip past the ____

Final censor

the _____ ______ watches the passageway between the preconscious and the unconscious

Repression of childhood events

Phylogenetic endowment

Two roots of unconscious thoughts

Phylogenetic endowment

It is the inherited unconscious images originate from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition

Collective unconscious

Phylogenetic endowment of Sigmund Freud is quite similar to the idea of Carl Jung's ___________________

Preconscious

It contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty

Conscious perception, unconscious

Two sources of preconscious

conscious perception

It is a conscious idea that quickly passes into the preconscious when the focus of attention shifts to another idea

Unconscious

These are ideas that slip past the vigilant censor and enter the preconscious in a disguised form.

Conscious

It is defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.

Perceptual conscious system and mental structure

Ideas can reach consciousness from two

different directions:

Perceptual conscious system

It turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of external stimuli

mental structure

It includes nonthreatening ideas from the preconscious as well as menacing but well-disguised images from the unconscious.

id, ego, superego

Provinces of the Mind

das Es or it

German term and direct translation of "Id"

das Ich or I

German term and direct translation of "ego"

Uber-Ich or over-I

German term and direct translation of "superego"

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id demands instant gratification.

pleasure principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification. The id works by this principle.

Ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It is the only region of the mind in contact with reality.

reality principle

It is the principle by which ego functions.

Executive branch

As the sole region of the mind in contact with the external world, the ego becomes the decision-making or _______________ of personality.

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Moralistic/Idealistic Principle

Principle by which superego functions.

conscience and ego-ideal

2 subsystems of the superego

Conscience

These are the results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do

Ego-ideal

They develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do.

Pleasure seaking

Id > Ego > Superego: personality of a person dominated by id

guilt-ridden or inferior

Super Ego > Id > Ego: personality of a person dominated by superego

a person with mood swings

Id = Superego > Ego: personality of a person alternately dominated by id and superego

psychologically healthy

Ego > Id = Superego: personality of a person dominated by ego

Drives

Sex

Aggression

Anxiety

The four dynamics of personality

Drive (Freud)

It operates as a constant motivational force. As an internal stimulus, it differs from external stimulus in that they cannot be avoided through flight.

sex and aggression

What are the two major drives according to Freud?

Trieb

German word of drive which refer to a drive or stimulus within the person

Sex (Eros)

These instinctive urges seek to preserve life.

Each of us is motivated to satisfy our hunger,

thirst, and sexual needs. Without food and

water, we could not survive. The energy

associated with these instincts he termed

libido.

pleasure

It is the aim of sexual drive

Mouth, anus, and genital

The three erogenous zone according to Freud

Aggression (Thanatos)

this is considered as the destructive drive, according to Freud the aim of this drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state.

self-destruction

It is the final aim of aggressive drive

Anxiety

It is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.

Neurotic Anxiety

Moral Anxiety

Realistic Anxiety

three types of anxiety

Neurotic Anxiety (Freud)

It is an apprehension about an unknown danger facing the ego but originating from id impulses.

Moral Anxiety (Freud)

Is is an anxiety that results from the ego's conflict with the superego

Realistic Anxiety (Freud)

An unpleasant, nonspecific feeling resulting from the ego's relationship with the external world.

Defense mechanism

Safeguards of the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with

1. Occur on an unconscious level

2. Deny or distort reality

Two features of defense mechanism

Repression

Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness.

EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident

reaction formation

Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors.

EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.

displacement

The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral.

EX: A client is angry at his doctor, does not express it, but becomes verbally abusive with the nurse.

fixation

It is the permanent attachment of the libido to an earlier, more primitive stage of development.

Example: Nail-biting, smoking, gum-chewing, and excessive drinking, which are signs of an oral fixation.

projection

A person who protects the ego by attributing his or her own undesirable characteristics to others

EX: A guy suspecting his girlfriend of cheating on him when he is the one cheating on her.

Introjection

A defense mechanism whereby people incorporate the positive qualities of another person into their own ego.

EX: Children integrate their parents value system into the process of conscience formation.

Sublimation

It is a form of displacement in which the unacceptable id impulses themselves are transformed, rather than the object at which they aim. The unacceptable impulses are displaced by ones that are socially acceptable.

EX: Someone with anger issues using sports to redirect aggressive urges.

Regression

Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning.

EX: sucking your thumb when you're anxious

Denial

It refers to a person's refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality. In adults, the use of denial may be normal during times of extreme stress.

EX: Being the victim of a violent crime, yet denying that the incident occurred.

Rationalization

It is the justification of behavior through the use of plausible, but inaccurate excuses.

EX: Saying "it's too hard, anyway," after failing an exam when, in fact, you did not prepare for the exam.

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

stages of psychosexual development

Infantile Stage

It is the first 4-5 years crucial for personality formation.

Maturity (Freud)

The final psychosexual stage following infancy, latency, and the genital period. Hypothetically, it would be characterized by a strong ego in control of the id and the superego and by an ever-expanding realm of consciousness.

Oral (Freud)

A stage where infant seeks pleasure through their mouths (Birth-1 yr)

Mouth

The erogenous zone of oral stage

Oral receptive

Oral aggresive

Two fixations during oral stage

Oral incorporative/receptive

It occurs first and involves the pleasurable stimulation of the mouth by other people and by food. Adults fixated at the oral incorporative stage become excessively concerned with oral activities, like eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing.

Oral aggressive/sadistic

It occurs during the painful, frustrating eruption

of teeth. Those who become fixated at this level are prone to excessive pessimism, hostility, and aggressiveness. They are likely to be argumentative and sarcastic, making so-called biting remarks and displaying cruelty toward others. They tend to be envious of other people and try to exploit and manipulate them to dominate them.

anal stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

Defacation

It produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of toilet training, the child is put under pressure to learn to postpone or delay this pleasure.

Anus

The erogenous zone during anal stage

Anal retentive

Anal expulsive

What are the two types of behavior associated with being fixated in the anal stage of psychosexual development?

anal retentive personality

a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn. A person who is is likely to be rigid, compulsively neat, obstinate, and overly conscientious.

Anal expulsive

a fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child is allowed to have bowel movements too freely that can result in cruel, overemotional, and disorganized personality traits

Phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the genital area becomes the focus of concern and pleasure. This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development, a distinction that Freud believed to be due to the anatomical differences between the sexes.

Oedipus complex

a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

castration anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

penis envy

According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.

latency stage

The period from approximately age 5 to puberty, during which the sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports, and hobbies, and in developing friendships with members of the same sex.

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).