Chapter 28 APUSH

APUSH history

Liberal Consensus

View widely held in the 1950's and 1960's that capitalism was the best economic system and that the United States was threatened more by communism abroad than domestic issues

1960 election

Democrat John F. Kennedy and VP Lynden Johnson vs. Republican Richard Nixon
JFK won as a minority president, partially due to a TV debate where he upstaged Nixon by his confident appearance and delivery

43

How old was Kennedy when he was elected?

Teddy Roosevelt

Who was the youngest president in office?

Roman Catholic

What's Kennedy's religion?

Bobby Kennedy

Who did Kennedy appoint as attorney general
- Ordered a crackdown on organized crime and was assassinated with JFK

1961 Inaugural Address

It was John F. Kennedy's address though it was of such a short length (under 15 minutes)
- "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." quote.
- Claimed the US will do anything to protect its friends and oppose its foes

Camelot

What was Kennedy's administration referred to due to the resemblance of the mood to Utopian ideals and high hopes?

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. - He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, civil rights, and poverty, as well as to win the space race
(Tax cuts were not enacted by JFK! He tried though!)

Peace Corps

Volunteers who help third world nations trying to prevent the spread of communism by helping to get rid of poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
- Not just an American corporation

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Commission created during Kennedy's administration to help aid in the US's role in the space race

Fidel Castro

Cuban communist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist communist state in Cuba
- When he overthrew the old Cuban government the US stopped aiding Cuba

Fulgencio Batista

He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro
- His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, led by the CIA and backed by Kennedy, which was sponsored by the United States
- Purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro or create an insurgency in Cuba
- Didn't work when the B-25 bombers missed their targets and US support was revealed

Berlin Wall (1961)

The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East
- Afterwards Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

Conrad Schumann

1st East German Berlin guard to escape by going over the Berlin Wall

Peter Fetcher

18 year old who was shot when trying to cross the Berlin wall
- New law had been ordered to not assist those trying to help with medical care
- People watched him bleed out

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
- Nikita Khrushchev negotiated with Castro
- US already had nuclear weapons marking America

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities
- Led the "Freedom Rides"

James Meredith

The first African American student at the University of Mississippi

Ross Barnett

Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation
- Said individuals are obligated to defy unjust legislation

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids
- Directed the fire station to blast the black protesters with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them
- Gave Martin Luther the fuel he needed

Medger Evans

NAACP official was shot down by a sniper at his home in Mississippi (1963). Known for influence in Meredith Case.

Bryon De La Beckwith

Convicted of killing civil rights leader Medgar Evans
- KKK member.

March on Washington

1963 demonstration in which more than 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights
- Crowd gathered at the Lincoln Memorial where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech

Sunday School Bombing

September 1963, a bomb exploded on a Birmingham church at Sunday school
- Church was sometimes served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders
- Four young girls killed and many others injured

Dealy Plaza, Dallas, Texas (1963)

Place and Year John F. Kennedy was assassinated

Lee Harvey Oswald

Assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963)

Sharpshooter

What special credential was Lee Harvey Oswald given while in the Marines?

Marina Prusakova

Lee Harvey Oswald's wife

Alek J. Hidell

Alias that Lee Harvey Oswald had himself registered as

Edwin Walker

Outspoken anti-communist and segregationist in Dallas, Texas
- Oswald tried to assassinate him but missed

Texas Schoolbook Depository

Building where Lee Harvey Oswald shot at President Kennedy
- Shots taken at the 6th floor

Ziprutor Film

Film capturing JFK's assassination

26.6 seconds

Length of the Ziprutor Film

Parkland Hospital

Where JFK was pronounced dead

J.D. Tippit

Patrolman who encountered and was shot by Oswald 4 times
- Oswald had been walking around the streets

Texas Theater

Where Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested

Jack Ruby

Who killed Lee Harvey Oswald?
- Oswald was being led through the basement of police headquarters
- Oswald was shot in the stomach

Lyndon Johnson Theory

Kennedy was considering dropping Johnson as his vice-presidential running mate for the 1964 election
- Johnson was involved in several investigations of government corruption and they all disappeared after the assassination of JFK
- Thought Oswald was working for Johnson

Military Theory

Kennedy had openly spoken with associates about the gradual withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. The military was in the process of preparing to escalate involvement which would justify further spending

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Theory

Kennedy had a long-standing feud with the CIA starting with the political embarrassment he had suffered following the Bay of Pigs invasion. Kennedy had also fired Allen Dulles as Director of the CIA - Maybe Dulles was then named a member of the Warren Department to cover up evidence?
- Kennedy had claimed he'd dismantle the CIA

Organized Crime Theory

The leader of the Chicago mafia, Sam Giancana, felt betrayed by the increased prosecutions against organized crime by Robert Kennedy, serving as US Attorney General. James Files, a hit-man for the family, confessed on the record to being the assassin of JFK. Jack Ruby (killed Oswald) had supposed ties to organized crime
- Kennedy had been helped by organized crime to be elected

Anti-Castro Cubans Theory

Retribution for JFK's failure to provide greater assistance to rebels during the Bay of PIgs invasion

Cuban Conspiracy

The CIA had been developing several plans to assassinate Fidel Castro
- Oswald made a trip to Mexico City in Sep 1963
- Members of the House Assassination Committee went to Mexico to look for evidence and interview Fidel Castro

Nikita Krushchev and Russian Theory

Kennedy was assassinated because he was perceived by the Russians as a threat to the stability of the Cold War between the US and Russia
- Known to have secret documents regarding the Kennedy assassination

Onassis Conspiracy

Aristotle Onassis and friends in the Illuminati group assassination JFK.
- Onassis married Jackie, JFK's widow, in 1968

Oil Industry

Kennedy was trying to remove tax breaks given to the oil business

More Gunmen Theory

Many witnesses claimed they originally heard 4-5 shots
- Including front of the Grassy Knoll
- A fourth bullet was also reported as having been removed from Kennedy's body

Umbrella Man Theory

After the shooting the two men stood up and walked away in separate directions
- The House Select Committee on Assassinations located the Umbrella Man, Louis Witt, who was protesting the Kennedy family appeasing Adolf Hitler before WWII

Louis Witt

Labeled as "The Umbrella Man"

John Corbot

Castrated himself with scissors to keep himself from indulging with prostitutes

Great Society

A domestic policy of President Johnson in 1965
- Congress passed many measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Amphicar

What kind of car did Lynden Johnson own?

Fresca

What drink did Johnson install in a fountain at the White House?

Electric Toothbrushes

What was Johnson's favorite gift to give?
- Wanted to give people a gift where they'd think of him when they wake up and go to sleep

George Reedy

Who received a call from Johnson, who cursed him out terribly and then had Johnson give him a car
- "He was using language that I had never heard one human being use to another"

Lynden B. Johnson

Prior to which president, was it considered unnewsworthy to publicize the president's private life?

1964 election

Republican - Barry Goldwater vs Democrat - Lyndon Johnson

Daisy Girl Ad

Lyndon B. Johnson's Campaign created this highly controversial and highly effective political ad.

Barry Goldwater

During the 1964 election campaign, what republican nominee was linked to the KKK?
- "I like Barry Goldwater, he needs our help"

"In your heart you know he's right"

Barry Goldwater's campaign slogan

1964 Tax Cut Bill

Bill enacted in the Johnson administration
- Spurred gross national product
- Unemployment dropped
- Deficit shrank
- LBJ agreed to cut spending initially in exchange for Congress cutting taxes

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society
- Created the Head Start Program

Head Start Program

Great Society program that offered preschool to those who could not afford it
- We need smarter kids
- Wanted to start education earlier for youths

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Federal program to send volunteers to help people in poor communities

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older
- Great Society Program

Medicaid

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low-income persons
- Great Society program

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas
- Provided for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from W. Europe and 120,000 from E. Europe
- Family members of citizens and refugees were excempted

Panama

What US colonial possession revolted because they wanted control over a canal built in their land?

$140 billion

Amount spent on the Vietnam War

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

North

Was North or South Vietnam communist during the Vietnam War?

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964.
- Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam
- Wasn't a declaration of war

Tet Offensive (1968)

A massive, coordinated Communist assault against more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam
- Turning point of public opinion

Linda Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Outlawed segregated public schools

Baker vs. Carr

Established "One man, one vote"

Gideon vs. Wainwright

The 1963 decision holding that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he/she might be, has a right to a lawyer.

Escobedo vs. Illinois

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed to a lawyer before questioning by police

Danny Escobedo

This person was involved in a landmark case that dealt with self-incrimination and the right to counsel, Escobedo vs. Illinois

Miranda vs. Arizona

Case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Ernesto Miranda

a man who was arrested and charged with a crime, but was not read his rights

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
- Gave federal gov the power to enforce desegregation

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

a government agency with the power to investigate complaints of employment discrimination and the power to sue firms that practice it

Title VII

the major section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that provides the primary basis for suits for employment discrimination based on race, sex, religion, color, or national origin.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses achieve true independence and equality

Montgomery March

March by blacks to demand voting rights
- Group met by authorities at the Pettus Bridge where the police used tera gas, whips, and clubs against them
- Also dubbed "Bloody Sunday"
- Deemed the catalyst for the passing of the voting rights act

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote
- Authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Black Panthers (1966)

Called for African Americans to become liberated through violence
- Provided free lunches to African American children
- Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee.
- Urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power
- Known for coining the phrase "black power"
- Slogan "Black is Beautiful"

Huey Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party
- Encountered by an officer to which was shot when a fight broke out
- Was put in jail due to the officer's shooting himself
- "Free Huey"
- Shot and kiled in 1970

Tyrone Robinson

Shot and killed Huey Newton

Eldridge Cleaver and Bobby Hutton

These two were pulled over by police and went to the basement where an assault force pounded bullets into the house
- Were both shot even after surrender

Martin Luther King Jr.

Killed on his balcony at 39 years old
- April 4th, 1968

James Earl Ray

Convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail

Fred Hampton

Deputy chairman of the Black Panther Party
- Murdered by the FBI.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Banned discrimination in selling, renting, or financing a home

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam