Unit 2 Blood & Lymph System

agglutinogen

antigen that stimulates the production of an agglutinin

agglutinin

antibodies

agranulocyte

include lymphocytes, monocytes, and WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules

albumin

60% of plasma proteins acts as a carrier that shuttles certain molecules through the circulation and major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure

basophils

least numerous; involved in the allergic response

erythrocyte

red blood cells carry oxygen around the body on a hemoglobin; they lack most organelles and nuclei

leukocytes

white blood cells, play a role in the immune system and make up less than 1% of total blood volume

granulocyte

cells containing cytoplasmic granules that are visible when stained

neutrophils

most numerous; attracted to the site of any cellular injury and are active in ingesting and destroying bacteria

eosinophils

involved in the allergic response and response to infections caused by parasitic worms

lymphocytes

produce antibodies that form bonds with foreign glycoproteins called antigens and destroy cancer and infected cells

monocytes

mature into macrophages that perform phagocytosis

bilirubin

a yellow pigment that's released to the blood and binds to albumin for transport

buffy coat

thin whitish layer present at the erythrocyte plasma junction; contains leukocytes white blood cells and platelets

carbaminohemoglobin

carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin but it binds to amino acids rather than to the heme group

coagulation

process which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel

deoxyhemoglobin

reduced hemoglobin

diapedesis

passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue

ferritin

protein iron complexes where iron is stored

transferrin

a transport protein that loosely binds iron

fibrin

fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting

fibrinogen (I)

a soluble blood protein that's converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting

fibrinolysis

process that removes needed blood clots when healing has occurred

formed elements

cellular portion of blood

hemoglobin

oxygen transporting protein of erythrocytes

hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

hemopoiesis

blood cell formation

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

heparin

natural anticoagulant secreted into blood plasma

leukocytosis

increase in the number of leukocytes; usually the result of a pathogen attack on the body

lymphocyte

agranular white blood cell that arises from the bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body

megakaryocyte

a cell that produces platelets

oxyhemoglobin

oxygen bound form of hemoglobin

plasmin

fibrin digesting enzyme

prothrombin(II)

plasma protein; liver; converted to thrombin

tissue factor (III)

plasma membrane glycoprotein; tissue cells; activates the extrinsic pathway

calcium ions (IV)

inorganic ion; plasma; needed for all stages of the coagulation process

proaccelerin (V)

plasma protein; liver; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

antihemophilic factor (VIII)

plasma protein; liver, lungs, capillaries; intrinsic factor

proconvertin (VII)

plasma protein; liver; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

plasma thromboplastin component(IX)

plasma protein; liver; intrinsic pathway

hagerman factor (XII)

plasma protein; liver; intrinsic pathway activates plasmin, clotting invitro and, inflammation

Fibrin stabilizing factor (XIII)

plasma protein; liver, bone marrow; cross links fibrin forming a strong stable clot

reticulocyte

immature erythrocyte

thrombopoietin

regulates the formation of platelets

a~/an~

absence,lack

ad~

to, toward

alb~

white

bili~

bile

blast~

bud, germ

corp~

body

cyan~

blue

edem~

swelling

eryth~

red

ferr~

iron

hema~/hemo~/hemato~

blood

leuko~

white

mega~

large

phleb~

vein

pyo~

pus

sanguine~

blood

viscos~

sticky

~iatrics

medical specialty

~plas

grow

sero

serum related

~emia

condition of the blood

~itis

inflammation

~rrhagia

abnormal

thromb~

clot

~gen

an agent that initiates

~lysis

loosening, breaking down

~stasis

arrest, fixation

What is the composition of blood?

Plasma (55% of blood, least dense component), Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), erythrocytes (45% of blood and most dense component)

Why does water do in plasma?

makes up 90% of plasma volume; dissolves and suspends medium for solutes of blood; absorbs heat

What do electrolytes do in plasma?

help maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

platelets

seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting; discoid cytoplasmic fragments

erythrocytes

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; biconcave; cell count 4 to 6 million;

APC's

Antigen presenting cells (B & T cells)

antigen

a substance or part of a substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and activates the immune system along with immune cells or their products

antigenic determinant

immunogenic; only certain parts of the antigen

chemotaxis

movement of a cell, organism, or part of an organism toward or away from a chemical substance

chyle

fatty lymph

clonal selection

process in which a B or T cell becomes activated by binding with an antigen

cytokines

small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system

dendritic cells

protective cells that engulf antigens, migrate to lymph nodes and present the antigen to T cells causing them to activate and mount an immune response

diapedesis

passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue

hapten

incomplete antigen; has reactivity but not immunogenicity

hilum

intended region of an organ from which blood or lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit

histamine

a chemical messenger that causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

immunocompetence

ability of the body's immune cells to recognize specific antigens

immunity

ability of the body to resist many agents that can cause disease

complement

a group of bloodborne proteins when activated enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis

interferon

proteins released from virus infected cells that protect unaffected cells from a viral takeover

lysozyme

enzyme in sweat, saliva, and tears that is capable of destroying certain kinds of bacteria

macrophage

Immune cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response

MALT

(mucosa associated

Pathogen

disease

Phagosome

vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis

Plasma cells

members of a B cell clone; effector B cells specialized to produce and release antibodies

Prostaglandin

a lipid