Parts of Cells + functions Revision

"How long is a small bacterium?"

"A small bacterium is a micron - a millionth of a metre."

"What does “MRSGREN” stand for?"

"Movement, Respiration, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition"

"How do you classify something as ‘living’?"

"We call it living when it can perform all 7 functions of MRSGREN"

"What are the parts of a microscope?"

"- Eyepiece - Tube - Coarse focus - Fine focus - Objective lenses - Mechanical lens - Mechanical stage - Illuminator - Base - Arm - Stage clip"

"What is the function of the objective lens?"

"The objective lens magnifies the specimen”

"What is the function of the eyepiece lens?"

"The eyepiece lens is the viewing point, to look at or see the specimen."

"How do you bring the the specimen into focus?"

"You use the coarse and fine focusing knobs to adjust the focus of the lens."

"What is the light used for?"

"The light is used to illuminate the specimen."

"How do you calculate the magnification of the image?"

"You do it by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens."

"What is a generalised cell?"

"A generalised cell is an overall representation of different cell types and has no specialities."

"Name the parts of an animal cell"

"Cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondrion, nucleus"

"Name the parts of a plant cell"

"Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondrion, nucleus, vacuole, chloroplast"

"Describe the function of the cell membrane"

"The cell membrane surrounds the cell and allows nutrients to enter and waste to leave."

"Describe the function of the cytoplasm"

"The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place."

"Describe the function of the nucleus"

"The nucleus controls what happens in the cell and contains the DNA which tells the cell how to grow and reproduce."

"Describe the function of the mitochondrion"

"The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell and it’s where reproduction occurs."

"Describe the function of the cell wall"

"The cell wall is the rigid outer wall of the cell that supports it and gives it its shape."

"Describe the function of the chloroplast"

"The chloroplast Contains chlorophyll and it is the site of photosynthesis"

"Describe the function of the vacuole"

"The vacuole is the space in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap, a watery fluid."

"What is the formula for respiration?"

"Formula for respiration: Carbon dioxide + water = Oxygen + glucose"

"What is the formula for photosynthesis?"

"Formula for photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light Energy → Glucose + Oxygen"

"Define a specialised cell."

"A specialised cell is a cell that has a specific role they need to perform, as they have one or more special features which allow them to do this job"

"Give an example of a specialised cell"

"Red blood cells are an example of specialised cell"

"Describe a red blood cell"

"They carry oxygen from lungs to every cell in the rest of the body They are made in the bone marrow Haemoglobin carries oxygen molecules Haemoglobin binds with oxygen to carry oxygen to where it is needed Red blood cells don’t have a nucleus to maximise oxygen they carry Red blood cells are a flat disc/bi-concave shape to maximise their surface area to absorb oxygen as quickly as possible They make up almost ½ of your blood Lifespan is around 120 days There are 150 million of them in just 30ml of (your) blood"

"Describe a nerve cell / neuron"

"They carry electrical impulses from the brain to the body Nerve cells have specialised parts called dendrites and axon - dendrites bring electrical signals and axon take information away from the cell They contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and organelles Neurons are surrounded by cell membrane Nerve cells communicate with each other through an electrochemical process The human brain has approximately 86 billion nerve cells Myelin is a substance made from protein and lipids (fat) that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell Myelin sheath insulates the axon and increases the rate at which the electrical signals travel through the nerve cell"

"Describe a skeletal muscle cell"

"Skeletal muscle cells are used for movement - these cells contract and relax, allowing different types of movement These cells are found in bundles, which make up our muscles"

"What are the 5 levels of organisation? Define each of them And give some examples"

"1. Cells - The building block of life. Your body contains trillions of them. Examples: Red blood cells, sperm cells 2. Tissues - This is a group of cells that are all one type, like muscle cells. Examples: Nervous tissue, skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue 3. Organ - A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function. Examples: Heart, lungs, thyroid glands, brain 4. Organ system - A group of organs working together to perform a specific job. Examples: Circulatory system, nervous system, lymphatic system 5. Organism - Something living that performs the seven functions of life (MRSGREN). Examples: Humans, animals"

"Name and define the organ systems in the human body"

"Nervous system - The brain controls all of the functions of the body. Respiratory system - The lungs are responsible for gas exchange. Circulatory system - The heart pumps blood around the body. Digestive system - The stomach is where food is digested and absorbed. Integumentary system - The skin, hair and fat protect and maintain thermoregulation Urinary system - The kidneys filter the blood and rid the body of toxic substances. Muscular system - To enable movement of the body Lymphatic system - To return lymph to the bloodstream Endocrine system - To communicate within the body via hormones Skeletal system - To give structural support via bones Reproductive system - To reproduce"

"What is an adaptation?"

"An adaptation is a characteristic that allow an organism to survive in its habitat."

"What is taxonomy?"

"Taxonomy is the system of organising living things into groups."

"What is a key?"

"A key is a way of organising an organising an organism for a group of organisms by asking a series of questions to narrow down the options and find the differences."

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