Exam 1 - Microbiology 2421 (Chp. 1-4)

Which of the following best describes gene therapy?

Use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell

All of the following describe a major feature used to classify organisms into to three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) except

Presence or absence of DNA

All of the following are eukaryotes except

Bacteria

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Legionella pneumophila

Only a small percentage of microbes

Can cause disease

Which of the following types of microorganism and its description are not correctly matched?

• Protozoa - small animals

• Bacteria - prokaryotic

• Fungi - eukaryotic

• Helminths - multicellular animals

Protozoa - small animals

Which of the following processes are beneficial activities of microorganisms?

Recycling elements in the environment, decomposing sewage, and producing foods and chemicals

Microbes are not responsible for

Antibody production

Biofilms are commonly found in which of the following environments?

A rock in a lake, teeth, water pipes, and medical devices

Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and archaea?

Both are characterized as prokaryotes

Which of the following is true of scientific names assigned to living organisms?

The scientific name is always underlined or italicized

Algea are

Photosynthetic and classified as eukaryotes

In the scientific name Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the

Genus name

A new microorganism has been isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. It consists of single cells, which appear to lack a nucleus. Chemical analysis shows the presence of both DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and peptidoglycan in the cell wall. In which of the following groups will this organism be classified?

Bacteria

Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses?

Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity

Which of the following is characteristic of bacteria?

Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus

The study of protozoa is called

Parasitology

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Archaea?

Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan

All living organisms can be classified into three domains:

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which of the following names is incorrectly matched with their discovery?

• Beijerinck and Winogradsky - Gene therapy

• Lacefield - Classification of sterptococci

• Watson and Crick—Structure and replication of DNA

• Avery, MacLeod, McCarthy—DNA was the hereditary material

• Lederberg and Tatum—Transfer of genetic material via conjugation

Beijerinck and Winogradsky - Gene therapy

Jenner’s work with vaccinations depended on which of the following?

Trusting that the body produced agents that effectively overcame a disease-causing microbe

Which of the following fields of study and its example are not correctly matched?

• Parasitology—study of HIV

• Mycology—study of athlete's foot

• Immunology—study of vaccines

• Bacteriology—study of E. coli O157:H7

Parasitology - study of HIV

For which of the following can Koch’s postulates be used to identify the organism causing the disease?

Streptococcus pyogenes, the organism that causes strep throat, which can be cultured on blood agar in the laboratory

Koch’s postulates are the essential foundation for which of the following?

The step that relate a specific microbe to a specific disease (etiology)

Which of the following are correctly matched?

• Fleming—antimicrobials

• Erhlich—vaccinations

• Pasteur—antisepsis

• Koch—microscopy

Fleming - antimicrobials

Which of the following were instrumental is disproving spontaneous generation?

Pasteur’s experiments using a specialized swan-necked flask that prevented microbes from entering flasks open to the air

In Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flask was twofold. The curves allowed entry of air but excluded

Airborne microorganisms

An exposure to ______ protects against infection with smallpox

Cowpox

Robert Koch’s studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes

Cause diseases

How would you recognize an antibiotic-producing soil bacterium on a plate crowded with other bacteria? The bacterial colony producing the antibiotic would be

Surrounded by a clear area

Aseptic technique is a standard lab practice that includes all of the following except

Eliminating of all oxygen during any processed to prevent contamination

Pasteurization was first developed to kill ____ in wine

Spoilage bacteria

Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek helped to create the basis of the cell theory by

Observing and documenting cells, and using microscopes to visualize the invisible structure of living things

Pasteur discovered that microbes can cause food spoilage. His solution to protect wine from spoiling was a process called pasteurization, which is based on what principle?

Heating beer and wine just enough to kill those organisms causing the spoilage

The usefulness of antibiotics is hampered by

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

The cell theory states that ______ are made up of cells

All living things

Ehrlich searched for a/an ______ that would destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

Magic bullet

You suggest to use a eukaryotic microorganism for a genetic experiment in lab but your classmate thinks is better to use bacteria. Why is your classmate correct?

Bacteria are less complex than plants and animals, bacteria life cycles can be very short, some bacteria are very well studied and much is known about their genetic makeup

Increased human exposure to new and unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes accounts for the

Emergence of new infections diseases

Arsenic is a relatively common hazardous waste generated by smelting processes and can contaminate soil and water surrounding smelting facilities. A bioprocess using naturally occurring bacteria to remove arsenic has been developed. This process is an example of

Bioremediation

Which of the following is an example of bioremediation?

Use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots

Which of the following is true of biofilms?

A biofilm is a complex aggregation of microbes

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as

Recombinant DNA

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has

Selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community

All of the following factors contribute to the threat of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) except

Vaccinations against various types of childhood diseases

Mad cow disease is caused by a prion, which is an infectious

Protein

Which is not a characteristic of the normal microbiota?

Regularly associated with disease symptoms

Which of the following is not an Emerging Infectious Disease?

Measles

All of the following are examples of biotechnology except

Bacteria that causes disease

Which type of bond is found in Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl?

Ionic bond

What kind of chemical reaction is involved when bacteria are used for the bioremediation of a petroleum spill?

Decomposition reaction

When adding salt to water, the salt is the ______, while the water is the ____

Solute, solvent

A chemical indicator called phenol red is typically used in microbiology labs. At pH 8, it appears fuchsia; at neutral, it appears red; and at pH 6, it is yellow. If this indicator were incorporated into a medium with a sugar and turned from red to yellow after bacteria grew on the medium for 24 hours, what could you conclude?

You could deduce that the bacteria created acids in the medium

The structure of an atom includes which of the following?

A nucleus with positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, with orbiting, negative charged electrons

The pH of a solution reflects the hydrogen ion concentration. A change from pH 7 to pH 8 reflects a __________ change in hydrogen ion concentration.

10-fold

You would expect a fluid with a pH of 10 to be called

A base

Small organic molecules are joined to form macromolecules through __________ reactions.

Condensation

A negatively or positively charged atom is called a(n)

Ion

Hydrogen bonds are important in the formation of

Interactions between complex molecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins

An acid can be defined as

A proton donor

A base can be defined as a

Proton donor

Water is an excellent solvent as well as an effective temperature buffer. This is because of

The polar nature of water

Consider the following reaction. A + B --> AB. What kind of chemical reaction does this illustrate?

Synthesis reaction

Which characteristic of water accounts for its excellent solvent properties?

Water has a negatively charged portion and a positively charged portion

Many fungi are best able to tolerate environments with a(n) __________ pH

Acidic

Which compound listed below is an inorganic compound?

NaCl (sodium chloride)

Within an atom, electrons of differing energy levels are arranged in different

Electron shells

All chemical reactions are, in theory, _____

Reversible

The valence of oxygen is 2. This means that oxygen

Will form up to two bonds

A solution with a pH of 5 is

Acidic

Consider an atom of sodium with an atomic number of 11 and an atomic weight of 23. How many neutrons are in this atom?

12

When an atom's outer electron shell is only partially filled, the atom is considered

Chemically unstable

Which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest?

Covalent bonds

Which of the following statement is true about water?

Water is removed during biological synthesis reactions

Which of the following statements is true regarding carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch, are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and function as important energy sources

Which of the following statements concerning carbon and bonding is false?

Carbon is most commonly found in nature as carbon-14

The __________ structure of proteins is the unique sequence of amino acids linked together.

Primary

The relationship between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid is similar to the relationship between an amino acid and a

Protein

There are ______ amino acids naturally occurring in proteins

20

Protein structure is directly related to the diverse functions of proteins. Which of the following is an accurate description of the level of structure in a protein?

The primary structure of a protein is the unique sequence of amino acids linked together

An abundant polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls is

Cellulose

When the bond of ATP's terminal __________ group is hydrolyzed, energy is released.

Phosphate

Which of the following is an example of anabolism?

CO₂ and H₂O to glucose

Which type of bond holds C and H atoms in glucose?

Covalent bond

Detergents emulsify lipid molecules. Which part of a cell would you therefore expect detergents to damage?

Plasma membrane

When the bond of ATP's terminal __________ group is hydrolyzed, energy is released.

Phosphate

Which of the following is true of functional groups?

Functional groups confer different properties, such as hydrophobia, on organic molecules

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?

RNA is most often arranged in a double helix

Saturated fats have only __________ bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chains.

Single

In DNA, the two strands of the double helix are held together by __________ bonds.

Hydrogen

Nitrogen is found in all of the following cell components except

Carbohydrates

Which of the following statements about ATP is false?

ATP represents an unlimited energy supply for cells

The primary function of lipids in biology is the formation of __________ that enclose cells.

Cell membranes

Which of the following molecules contain long hydrocarbon chains?

Lipids

When placed in water, phospholipids will orient themselves

With phosphates associated with water and lipids clustered away from the water

Organic molecules always contain

Carbon and hydrogen

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms being

2:1

Which of the following statements about the cellular functions of proteins is incorrect?

Proteins function in genetic inheritance

Which of the following describes organic molecules?

Large, complex molecules containing carbon and hydrogen bonded together by covalent bonds

Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?

• Amino group

• Fatty acid

• Glycerol

• Saturated

Amino acid