Earth Science 1

what is earth science

what is earth science

group of sciences that studies earth and its neighboring planets

geology

study of the earth, 2 categories

historical

long history

physical

makeup of the earth and its processes, present day

oceanography

study of compositional makeup of the ocean and integrated with biology

meteorology

study of the atmosphere and processes that create weather and climate

astronomy

study of the universe

nebular theory

suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud(solar nebula), made up of hydrogen and helium, small % of heavier elements

how did our layers form afterward?

mixing of decaying elements with colliding particles releasing heat, melting elements, less dense went straight to middle, floating mass on fire

hydrosphere

responsible for water portion on earth

atmosphere

an envelope of gases that surrounds earth

geosphere

layer of earth in-between that surrounds earth

biosphere

makes up all life on earth

core

intermost layer of earth

mantle

almost 3000 km, the in-between

crust

thin, rocky, outer layer of earth

constructive

volcanoes, building of earth’s surface

destructive

weathering, erosion, acid, etc.

plate tectonics theory

earth’s lithosphere is broken down into sections called plates and float across the asthenosphere all the time

latitude

north and south equator

longitude

east and west prime meridian

equator

line of latitude at 0 degrees

prime meridian

line of longitude that measures 0 degrees

hemispheres

(north and south) separated by the equator

what is a map?

flat representation of the earth’s surface

mercator projection

1569, lines of longitude are parallel, rectangular

robinson projection

rounded sides of map, made it more accurate, attempt to show entire world at once

conic projection

wrapping cone paper around globes, start at a specific line of latitude, almost no distortion

gnomonic projection

placing a single piece of paper on a single point of globe’s surface

topographical map

earth’s 3 dimensional shape in 2 dimensions

contour lines

placed on topographic maps to show earth’s elevation

contour intervals

tells you the difference in elevation between 2 adjacent contour lines

how do satellites aid scientists?

helps scientists study fires, rivers, oceans, pollution, natural resources, etc.

example of closed and open systems

open-having a.c. on and windows open

closed-having a.c. on and windows closed

earth’s 2 sources of energy

sun and earth’s interior

renewable vs. nonrenewable resources

renewable takes a shorter time to regenerate

hypothesis vs. theory

hypothesis is a guess, theory is a fact

example of a discarded hypothesis

earth-centered model of the universe

4 steps of the scientific method

1.collection of facts

2.development of a hypothesis

3.observation and experimentation

4.accept, modify, reject

element

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means

subatomic particles of atoms

core=nucleus

protons=positive charge

neutrons=neutral charge particles in nucleus

electrons=negative charge particles that surround nucleus as a cloud

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

isotopes

an atom that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

mass number

protons and neutrons in an amu of an element

compound

2 or more elements

chemical bond

electrons and positive nucleus

covalent bond

negative electrons shared, water

ionic bond

if an atom gives another electron permanently(takes not share)

metallic bond

electrons shared between metal ions

five ways minerals form

1.crystallization from magma

2.evaporation of the water on earth’s surface

3.pressyre

4.temperature

5.hydrothermal solution

silicate structures form how?

broken up into chains, sheets, and 3D structures

color

colored because of minerals used

streak

color of a mineral in its powdered form

luster

how lights is reflected from surface of the mineral

crystal form

visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms

hardness

measure of resistence of a mineral as it’s being seperated

cleavage

tendency of mineral to cleave, or break, along flat even surfaces

fracture

uneven breakage of a mineral

density

encompasses all matter, is ratio of an object’s mass to it’s volume

igneous rocks

lava and magma that has been cooled overtime

sedimentary rocks

pressure/gravity gets to sediments and squeeze them together

metamorphic rocks

rocks that are preexisting and are changed by pressure, heat, or fluids

rock cycle

1.magmas will cool and create igneous rocks

2.igneous rocks go through erosion and weathering to become sedimentary rocks

3. rocks will make their way back underground

intrusive vs. extrusive igneous rocks

intrusive(underground and with magma)

extrusive(surface and with lava)

texture

considered to be size, shape, arrangement of parts of the rock

fine-grained

igeneous rocks with small crystals(rhyolite, extrusive, cools quickly)

coarse grain

igneous rocks with large crystals(granite, intrusive, cools slowly)

composition

what minerals made of

clastic

sediments of preexisting rocks

chemical

dissolved sediments, directly from water

biochemical

organic materica(shells, fossils, etc.)

strata

layers

fossils

preserved remains(plants and animals)ripple

marks

streams and beaches

mud cracks

dry cracks(silicon valley)

regional metamorphism

results from high temperatures and pressure, usually takes place in mountain building

contact metamorphism

intruding magma causes localized areas of elevated temperatures that alter rocks

agents of metamorphism

heat, pressure, hydrothermal solution

heat

causes minerals to recrystallize, new minerals form

pressure

causes spaces between minerals to close, may cause recrystallization, causes the mineral grains to flatten and elongate

hydrothermal solution

certain solutions(associated with magma) dissolved in boiling water; llose original minerals and gain new minerals

foliated metamorphic

slate, minerals line up perpendicular to the point of pressure

nonfoliated metamorphic

marble, pressure and heat causes a bonded/speckled look; presuure hits at multiple points