Test Nine Lecture Three

54. According to the video How Bacteria Rule over Your Body – The Microbiome, which statement does not describe the categories of “guests” we have consistently within our bodies?

Quiet passengers that cause no harm and take-up space to help avoid bad pathogens from growing

Guests that harm us, but with whom we have learned to live (i.e. bacteria in our mouths)

Friendly fellows that our bodies want to have around

55. According to the video How Bacteria Rule over Your Body – The Microbiome, about how many species of gut bacteria do we contain? How are they beneficial?

About 5000, and they help breakdown our food and eat additional calories we cannot breakdown

56. According to the video How Bacteria Rule over Your Body – The Microbiome, how has it been hypothesized our gut bacteria can communicate with our brains?

Via serotonin, and it sends signals directly to our immune system which ciommunciates without brain (can occur due to an injury)

57. According to the video How Bacteria Rule over Your Body – The Microbiome, how can one decide what type of microbiome to grow within your gut (as you get older)?

You decide what you eat – if you eat more healthy food you will grow bacteria to eat these foods and if you decide to eat sugary foods you will grow bacteria to eat sugars

58. Bacteria can be used to complete bioremediation. What is bioremediation?

Bioremediation is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, soil

59. ____________ are employed successfully to remove petroleum products from beaches after oil tanker spills. Fill in the blank.

Pseudomonas

60. ____________ help in the commercial production of a variety of enzymes, vitamins, and antibiotics (and can also product commercial acetone and beer production). Fill in the blank.

Biofactories

61. What is a superbug?

A bacteria that has mutated so far that it is immune to antibiotics

62. According to the video The Decreasing Effectiveness of Antibiotics, why are antibiotics the only class of drugs that the more we use, the more rapidly we lose their effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria?

The bacteria can rapidly build-up a resistance to our medication the more we use it

63. According to the video The Decreasing Effectiveness of Antibiotics, what warning did Alexander Fleming, the creator of Penicillin, give regarding antibiotic use?

The bacteria can rapidly build-up a resistance to our medication the more we use it

64. According to the video The Decreasing Effectiveness of Antibiotics, what percent of antibiotic use in the United States is unnecessary or inappropriate?

50%

65. According to the video How Industrial Farming Techniques Can Breed Superbugs, what type of farming technique is considered a fertile breeding ground for disease? Instead of fixing these systems, what do they add instead?

Concentrated animal feeding operations

They add antibiotics

66. According to the video How Industrial Farming Techniques Can Breed Superbugs, when looking at an agar plate (petri dish), how can you tell the bacteria growing on this plate is antibiotic resistant?

It does not have a zone of inhibition 

67. According to the video How Industrial Farming Techniques Can Breed Superbugs, why did farmers in the 1950s start feeding antibiotics to their livestock? What year did they try to ban this practice but it was never enacted?

Got them to grow faster for more money

1977

68. According to the video How Industrial Farming Techniques Can Breed Superbugs, today, agriculture accounts for ___________ percent of antibiotic usage in the United States. Fill in the blank.

75%

69. According to the video The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained, how do antibiotic destroy bacteria?

By disrupting machinery of the bacteria like interfering with metabolism or attacking the bacteria’s dna. Or rips the outer layer of bacteria into shreds.

70. According to the video The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained, by pure random chances, which statement describes a way some bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics?

Intercepting the antibiotic and changing the antibiotic molecules so they become harmless. Or pumping the antibiotics out of the bacteria before they can cause damage. 

71. According to the video The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained, which statement describes a way bacteria spreads immunity?

Bacteria can exchange plasmids (DNA) which contain useful abilities like immunity. Or bacteria can harvest dead bacteria's dna leading to superbugs.

72. According to the video The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained, how did resistance to colistin come to be?

Resistance came to be because colistin was used regularly to treat pigs in china. Resistant bacteria then developed and spread to humans.

51. There are many beneficial prokaryotes within our environment. Which of these statements describes a way bacteria can be environmentally useful?

They can break own dead plants and animals for compost (decomposition). 

52. Many bacterial species can have mutualistic relationships with plant or animal species. Which of these statements describe an example discussed in class?

They can convert atmospheric nitrogen into solids for plant use (Fixation). Denetrification is turning solid/liquid nitrogen into gas. 

53. Many bacterial species can have communalistic relationships with plant or animal species. Which of these statements describe an example discussed in class?

Bacteria on the outer surface of plants and animals. They don’t harm us but they eat dead skin cells. It helps bacteria.