AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

Humanism

an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems. Glorification of human form, achievement, experience

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism"

Northern Humanism

Was also known as Christian humanism, focused on the humanity of Jesus and the implications of this on how people live. Northern humanists believed that a study of the classics, and specifically Christian classics would allow them to open up their minds and to reason so that they could achieve a better spiritual state.

Importance of Patrons

They were the ones who financially supported and pushed artists to make public art. This showed the importance of the producer and made artistic ideas available to the public

Catholic Church, Medici's

Who were two patrons of the arts and learning?

Perspective

renaissance renewed interest in science, math, philosophy, and art. All these subjects combined in using geometric lines and vanishing point to give the illusion of depth and space

Individualism

pursuit of knowledge for each person: achievements, talents

Themes

secularism, humanism, rationalism, virtue. It was based on arts and humanities, religion, trying to stand out, science the church authorities, and being the best at things.

School of Athens by Raphael

What is the name of this painting and who is it by?

School of Athens

was to represent all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientist from classical antiquity gathered together sharing ideas and learning form one another. All lived at different times.

Renaissance Man ideas in The Courtier

Is a well-rounded individual; is highly educated, a gentleman, cultured in arts, and charismatic all while being effortless. Avoids antiquated or unfamiliar words, for diction will not be as important as knowledge.

Change in Education

education was more based off of science and to serve the purpose of the humanist. No longer learned about what ancient authorities said and no longer centered around the church

Women' Roles

legally belonged to their husbands, they were supposed to be typical housewives and were inferior to men

Motives for Exploration

sake of economy, religion and glory. The three G's

Prince Henry the Navigator

responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through systematic exploration of western African and islands of Atlantic ocean

Vasco de Gama

Sailed from Europe (Portugal) to India by routing Africa's cape of Good Hope (the bottom tip)

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztecs and brought what is now the area of mexico under the rule of the King of Castile

Bartolome de Las Casas

Was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous people by Europeans in the Americas and called for the abolition of slavery

Gutenberg

was the first to mass produce the bible through metal type. Spent two years setting up the type for the full bible and made 140 copies

Vernacular

a native speech or language of a place, not particularly the language of the country, a local language; a language or vocabulary peculiar to a class or profession

Secular

the renaissance didn't use churches, monasteries, or universities that were dominated by religious thought. Did believe in Christ but thought that ancient Greece and Rome were being "reborn"

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus. Forced all Jews to leave in 1492, causing one of the largest movement of people in the era

Erasmus

greatest Christian humanist, "Prince of Humanist", Some element of the church needed reform, some of a priest, language study be starting point of any education, added a critical new edition to the new testament. Believed in individual's capacity for self-improvement and the fundamental role of education in raising human being above the level of animals.

Sir Thomas More

Lord Chancellor of Henry VIII, published Utopia that commented on contemporary evils while offering a vision of society free of poverty, crime, and corruption.

Henry VII of England

Was the last king to win his thrown on the battle field. Was successful in restoring the power and stability of he English monarchy following the civil war. Ended the war of Roses between the Lancaster and York houses.

Wars of the Roses

Was a civil war which was a result of Henry VI being unable to control his nobles or their private armies, was between two branches of the royal family: Lancaster and York. Was overall very violent. Was named this because both families had it as the emblem.

Henry VIII

Brought his nation into a protestant Reformation. He suppressed the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England as the official religion of the Nation. This became known as the English Reformation.

Elizabeth I

Established Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish armada in 1588; maintained peace in her previously divided country; created an environment were are flourished; was known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married

Politiques

were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.

German Peasant Revolt Goals?

goals were to have all mean equal and free, for less harsh laws and fir fairer distribution of wealth, wanted freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords

Miguel Cervantes

He was a Spanish writer who was one of the most important and celebrated for his Spanish literature. Contributed to bothPhilip Spanish and English Novels

Philip II of Spain

Ruled one of the largest empires. Became King during the Golden Age, which was a period of great cultural growth in literature, music, and the visual arts. Also the king of England due to his marriage to Mary Tudor. Protected catholicism in Spain by eliminating Protestantism. Concord colonies in the philines

Great Schism

caused a separation in the church. Two separated churches were "created" : the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. Still effects us today because it created the 2 largest domination of christian

Pope Julius II

Was known as the "Warrior-Pope" because of his proclivity towards war. Changed the history of Italy with his policies and had a dramatic impact on renaissance. Was great patron of the arts. Overall a very powerful leader.

Indulgences

a certificate issued by the papacy that gave people atonement for their sins and reduced their time in the purgatory. Usually were issued for performing a pious act, but during the reformation critics accused popes of selling to raise money. Was a penance for sins

Simony

the at of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. was derived from Simon Magus who tried buying gifts of the holy spirit from St. Peter

Nepotism

the practice among those with more influence of favoring relatives or friends especially by giving them jobs.

Theocracy

government by priests claiming to rule by divine authority.

Huguenots

french protestants of 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, followed the teachings of John Calvin. Persecuted by French government.

Social causes of the Reformation

The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.

Political causes of the Reformation

Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority.

Economic causes of the Reformation

European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church.

Religious causes of the Reformation

Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.

prompt Martin Luther to post his 95 theses

Martin Luther posted these condemning the excesses and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. His biggest feeling of corruption was the selling of indulgences.

October 31, 1517

The day that Martin Luther nailed the 95 Thesis on the door of the Wittenberg Church. Generally considered the beginning of the Reformation

Characteristics of the Catholic Church

Faith is which formed by love, and work can save; give authority to determine doctrine to scriptures, pope, the church, and certain traditions; believes in the pope; in order to be "saved" one must have faith and do work.

Characteristics of the Lutheran Church

believe grace and faith alone can save an individual; showing love and faith to Jesus Christ brings them salvation; Scripture alone has authority to determine doctrine; doesn't believe in the office of the papacy

Places of Calvinism

mainly in German territories to Scandinavia but spread to England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, the North American Colonies

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life. That all events have been willed by god usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual.

Goals of the Counter Reformation

were to get church members to remain loyal by increasing faith, to eliminate some of the abused the protestants criticized and to reaffirm principles that are protestants were against such as pope authority and veneration of the saints; also to get rid of indulgences

Decisions made of the Council of Trent

started enforcing strict discipline among church officials. Selling of church offices had stopped. Prohibited selling of indulgences. Started Training Priests. The modern Roman Catholicism

Because the Rome Church wouldn't grant him divorce from his wife

Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church?

3 beliefs of Henry VIII's Church of England

1. A belief that the bible contains the core of all christian faith
2. A loyalty to a way of worship and life that was first set out in the book of common prayer
3. celebrated the sacraments which were ordained by Jesus: Baptism, Eucharist.

Goals of Loyola's Jesuit Order

Were grounded to love fro Christ and animated by the spiritual vision of their founder St. Ignatius of Loyola, to help others and seek out all things God.

Characteristics of Mannerism

slender, elongated limbs, splayed twisting and turning bodies, contradicting all traditional laws of proportion

Calvinist Lifestyle Restrictions

* Forbade dancing, singing, playing cars
* had to have simplicity in dress; no bright clothing
* no swearing or alcohol
* Hostility from the Pope

Peace of Augsburg

ended struggle between Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire. Forced Lutheran Princes to chose which religion would reign their principality.

Was too big to be ruled by one person

Why did Charles divide his kingdom

How Charles divided his kingdom

Hapsburg lands in central Europe to brother Ferdinand (HRE), Philip his son received Spain, the Netherlands and overseas Spain empires.

religious, dynastic, territorial, commercial rivalries

Causes of the 30 years war

Defenestration of Prague

was a protestant citizen who threw catholic officials from the window of Handcar Castle

Reason France Joined the 30 years war

France joined the side of the protestants to counter the Hapsburg. Wasn't able to hand the encirclement of major Hapsburg powers on its borders.

Northeast of the City of Napal

Where was the most destruction from the 30 years was concentrated? (it wreaked havoc on near by small communites)

Peace of Westphalia

recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the memers states of the empire. Is important because it established the foundation for the modern international relations, reduced religion conflicts, and created a rise of nationalism among the sovereign nation-states

Absolute Monarchy

monarchy holds supreme autocratic authority. Principally not being restricted by written laws, legislature or customs. Were hereditary (followed by their heirs). Complete control with no limitations

Constitutional Monarchy

system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organised government. The monarch exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution

Both have a monarch as their leader, usually is hereditary

What do bother Absolute and Constitutional Monarchies have in common

Divine Right Theory

a defense for monarchical absolutism, saying kings got authority from god and couldn't be held accountable for their actions.

Mercantilism

is an economic policy that is designed to maximize the export and minimize imports for an economy. It promotes tariffs and subsides on traded goods to achieve that goal; promoting commercial development of colonies

Habeas Corpus Act

is the requirement that an arrested person be brought before a judge of court before being detained or imprisoned

Petition of Rights

was an English document that helped promote civil rights of the subjects of King Charles I. A statements of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I; individual protections against the state

Parliamentarians/ "Roundheads"

a members of parliament , especially one well versed in parliamentary procedure and experienced in debate. A supporter of the parliament in the English civil war

House of Lords

is the upper house of the parliament of the UK. Membership by appointment, heredity or official function. Debates legislation, and has power to amend or reject bills

House of Commons

is the lower house of the Parliament in the UK. Represents subjects of the crown along with the communities.

Cardinal Richelieu

served as King Louis XIII's chief minister, consolidated royal power and crushed domestic factions, famous for his patronage to the arts.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

he was responsible for developing trade, industry, and the merchant navy, modernizing Paris and backing new advances in the sciences

War of the 3 Henrys

A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on wanted to destroy Henry of Guise who wanted to be King that they each killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre the winner and new king of France.

Unpopularity of Catherine de Medici

Due to unrest between Catholics and protestants it caused people to grow up hating each other and this specific person. She also tried to have one of her sons assassinated alone with helping order the St. Bartholomew's day massacre

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

was an ordered massacre, effort by Valois leaders to eliminate Huguenot leadership. Cost control of the events and many of thousands of protestants were killed.

Henry VI (Navarre) Goals

his goal was to bring peace between the 2 faiths. His marriage however set off a wave of violence that took the lives of thousands of Huguenots.

Edict of Nantes

was signed by Henry VI of France (Navarre) on April 13, 1598. It confirmed Roman Catholicism as the state religion and at the same time it granted religious freedom to Protestants. It effectively ended the War of Religion which had plagued France for a long time.

Germany

What country was most effected by the 30 years war?

supported Catholicism during reformation

Why did the people revolt against the Valois family?

Spain and the Papacy

Who supported the Guise Family?

Calvinism, France

What faith was the Bourbon family and who supported it?

Louis XIV

Was the king of France from May 1643-Sept.

Louis XIV Accomplishments

1. Built the Palace of Versailles
2. Revoked the Edict of Nantes
3. Increased power of tax collecters, improved disorganized tax system.
4. limited borrowing prices
5. established absolute government

Louis XIV problems

Dealt with wars such as the 30 year war, War of Franco-Dutch Warm Austro-Turkish War, War of the League of Augsburg, War of the Spanish Succession, The Fronde

The Fronde

A series of civil wars where King Louis XIV took on opposition from princes, nobility, law courts as well as the french people and still won

Peter the Great

Was tsar of Russia from May 1682-1725

Peter the Great accomplishments

1. Westernization - He implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by advisors in western Europe
2. Port City of St. Petersburg, first warm water port, allowed access into Western trade for Russia
3. Modernization

Peter the Great Problems

Was a cruel tyrannical, had high taxed, controlled the Boyars, Exploited the Serfs

Fredrick the Great

Ruled Prussia from 1740-1786

Fredrick the Great Accomplishments

1. Had daring military tactics which expanded Prussia
2. Strong Prussian military
3. Modernization
4. Religious policies, mixed with tolerance & segregation

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James I accomplishments

He helped people in England and in Scotland study things such as science, literature, and art

James I problems

He Behaved harshly towards Catholics and puritans. Inherited war with Spain, religious tensions, corruption in the government, and great amount of debt

Charles I Accomplishments

He Signed the Petition of Rights, Stabled Finances

Charles I Problems

Dismissed 3rd parliament, arrest opponents, and declared his intentions of ruling alone. Was part of the Bishop's war when he tried to reform the Scottish church. Was convicted of treason and beheaded

Reasons for the Church and aristocracy to support Charles I

aristocrats wanted to have a large army to move against Ireland Catholics. The church thought that Charles wanted to make England catholic again

Charles II accomplishmeants

Colonization and trade in India, the east indies, and america. Founded Royal Society and Passage of Navigations Act