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Cellular respiration
It is a fundamental process that occurs in cells to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Cellular respiration
It involves the breakdown of organic molecules, such as glucose, to release energy that can be utilized by the cell.
Aerobic Respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Highly efficient in terms of ATP production
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Decarboxylation (Transition Reaction)
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Chemiosmosis
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
cytoplasm
Glycolysis takes place in the ___
two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon)
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into ___
Glycolysis
Generates a small amount of ATP and NADH (reduced form of NAD+)
Glycolysis
Glucose (6-carbon) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon).
mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate Decarboxylation (Transition Reaction) takes place in the ____
Acetyl-CoA
in the Pyruvate Decarboxylation, Each pyruvate is converted to
NADH
Pyruvate Decarboxylation Produces ____
mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Takes place in the ___
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and undergoes a series of reactions, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
NADH, FADH2, and ATP
In the Krebs Cycle, Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and undergoes a series of reactions, producing
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Completes the breakdown of glucose.
inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron Transport Chain is located in ____
protein complexes
In the ETC, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through a series of ___
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The energy released is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
ATP
In the ETC, ___ is produced through chemiosmosis as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis
Protons flowing back through ATP synthase drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
Less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Common in muscles during strenuous exercise.
Pyruvate
In the Lactic Acid Fermentation, ____ is converted into lactic acid.
NAD+
In the Lactic Acid Fermentation, it regenerates ___ for glycolysis to continue
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
Alcohol Fermentation
Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
ethanol and carbon dioxide
In the Alcohol Fermentation, Pyruvate is converted into ____
NAD+
Alcohol Fermentation also regenerates _____ for glycolysis
Alcohol Fermentation
it also regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis
Glycolysis:
2 ATP (net gain)
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
No ATP directly produced
Citric Acid Cycle:
2 ATP per glucose
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis:
About 28-34 ATP per glucose (varies between different sources)
Total ATP Yield (Aerobic Respiration):
Approximately 32-38 ATP per glucose
Anaerobic Respiration:
Varies, but much less efficient than aerobic respiration
ATP Yield Summary
Glycolysis:
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
Citric Acid Cycle:
(ETC) and Chemiosmosis:
Aerobic Respiration:
Anaerobic Respiration:
cellular respiration
it is a complex process involving several stages, with aerobic respiration being more efficient in ATP production compared to anaerobic respiration.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
The complex involves multiple enzymes and coenzymes.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, which converts pyruvate to lactic acid.
lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid Fermentation is catalyzed by ____ which converts pyruvate to lactic acid.
Alcohol Fermentation
Catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Alcohol Fermentation is catalyzed by ____, leading to the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.