U.S. History Final

Popular Sovereignty

authority of the people; the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting whether to allow slavery

federalism

political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Seperation of Powers

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies

Checks and Balances

a system where different branches of government have the power to limit or restrict the actions of other branches, preventing any single branch from becoming too powerful

Bicameral

(of a legislative body) having two branches or chambers

Impeach

to bring formal charges against a federal official; to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

Revenue tariff

a tariff imposed principally to raise government revenue rather than to protect domestic industries

Protective tariff

a tax or duty levied on imported goods with the primary goal of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition

Judicial Review

power of the Supreme Court to determine whether laws of Congress are constitutional and to strike down those that are not; the ability to declare a law or an act unconstitutional

Supreme Court

the highest tribunal in the Nation for all cases and controversies arising under the Constitution or the laws of the United States

14th Amendment

addresses citizenship, equal protection, and due process

Missouri Compromise

a legislative package aimed at resolving the issue of slavery in the Louisiana Territory, admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

Early Industrialization

technological advancements, more industry, more immigration from Europe

Early Reform Movements

abolition of slavery, reforms to prisons and asylums, education

James Monroe/ Monroe Doctrine

• 5th president

• warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs

Andrew Jackson

7th president, general in the War of 1812 (Battle of New Orleans), shaped the Democratic Party, Indian Removal Act (led to the Trail of Tears)

Indian Removal Act

established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands, aimed to relocate Native American tribes, primarily to open up land for white settlement and the expansion of slavery

Manifest Destiny

a 19th-century belief that the United States was destined, by God, to expand across North America and spread democracy and capitalism

California Gold Rush

a period of significant population growth and economic transformation in California, led to an influx of thousands of "forty-niners", profound impact on California's population, economy, and environment, ultimately contributing to its statehood

War with Mexico

• 1846-1848

• stemming from disputes over the annexation of Texas and territorial boundaries, resulted in a significant expansion of U.S. territory, including the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Citizenship Choices

Mexicans living in the territories ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had 1 year to decide to become US citizens or retain their Mexican citizenship and relocate to Mexico

Bleeding Kansas

a period of intense violence and conflict in the Kansas Territory between 1854 and 1861, primarily due to disagreements over the issue of slavery

Fugitive Slave Act

required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

Secession

the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860, leading to the Civil War

Civil War

a conflict fought in the United States between 1861 and 1865, primarily over the issue of slavery and states' rights

Rebuilding Challenges

• devastation in the South

• newly free population lacking resources

• devastated white property owners

• federal power vs state power

• short + long term goals

Radical Republicans

• punishment, protection, power

• desire to punish the South for causing the war

• protection for the freedmen

• keep power in the hands of the Republicans

Republicans (moderate)

• didn’t want to punish the South too harshly in fear of backlash

• wanted the South to rebuild

Scalawags/Carpetbaggers

• scalawag: a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit

• carpetbagger: a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction

16, 17, +19 Amendments

• 16th: income tax

• 17th: direct election of senators

• 19th: women’s right to vote

Freedmen’s Bureau

established in 1865 to assist formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South after the Civil War

Black Codes

laws intended to restrict the rights and freedoms of formerly enslaved African Americans

JP Morgan

JD Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Transcontinental Railroad

Impact of the Growth of Railroads

Standard Time

Dawes Act

Gross National Product (GNP)

Laissez-faire

Corporation

Trusts

Mass Appeal

Monopolies

Advertising (purpose, methods)

Economies of scale

Assembly Line

Labor Union

Immigration

Urbanization

Political Machines

Nativism

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1822

Compulsory Education

Technology and the development of Leisure Time and activites

Alfred T. Mahan

Theodore Roosevelt

Imperialism

Protectorate

Dollar Diplomacy

Panama Canal

Spanish-American War

Jane Addams

acti

Jacob Riis

photographer, documented the reality of NYC’s slums

Ida B. Wells

activist against lynching, formed the Negro Fellowship League

Social Darwinism

a philosophy based on Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution and natural selection, asserting that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving

Progressives

individuals and groups who, during the Progressive Era (roughly 1890s-1920s), advocated for social and political reforms to address issues

Muckrakers

reform-minded journalists, writers, and photographers in the Progressive Era who exposed corruption and wrongdoings

Direct primary

a primary, or election, where candidates are nominated for office by a direct vote

Initative

the right of citizens to present legislation for approval by the legislature

Referendum

the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

Recall

the removal of an elected official from a government office through petitioning and voting

Lobbying

to conduct activities with the purpose of influencing public officials, particularly members of a legislative body

Prohibition

a period from 1920 to 1933 when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol were banned nationwide

Child Labor

any work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity, and harms their physical and mental development

Direct Tax

a tax levied on income or profits

Indirect tax

a tax levied on goods and services

Income Tax

a tax levied by the government directly on income