BIO 110 Module 9: DNA Structure and Gene Expression

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46 Terms

1

what is a nucleotide made up of?

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base

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2

what is the structure of DNA?

double helix polymer made up of repeating nucleotides bound covalently, and linked by phosphodiester bonds

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3

hydrogen bonds

connect complementary DNA strands (A, T, G, C)

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4

pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine

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5

purines

guanine and adenine

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6

how many chromosomes are in eukaryotic cells?

multiple

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7

how many chromosomes are in prokaryotic cells?

one circular chromosome

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8

where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells?

the nucleus

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9

where are chromosomes located in prokaryotic cells?

the nucleoid

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10

the two strands of DNA are ___

complementary, meaning the sequences of bases on one strand can be used to create the correct sequence of bases in the other strand

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11

semiconservative replication

produces two new copies of double stranded DNA that each contain one of the original strands of DNA and one new strand

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12

what are the main stages of DNA replication?

initiation, elongation, termination

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13

replication fork

region where a cell’s double helix DNA has been unwound and separated to create an area for replication

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14

helicase

enzymes that “unzip the DNA” and separate the two strands of the double helix to allow access for other enzymes involved in DNA replication

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15

RNA primer

RNA molecules that are used to initiate DNA synthesis during replication

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16

DNA polymerase (DNAP)

type of enzyme that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

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17

okazaki fragments

short, newly made DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

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18

what is the leading strand?

the DNA strand that runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction in the replication fork; it is made as a continuous piece

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19

what is the lagging strand?

the DNA strand that runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction towards the replication fork, also holds okazaki fragments

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20

DNA ligases

enzymes needed for DNA repair, replication, and recombination

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21

mistakes during replication are detected and repaired by ___

DNA polymerase

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22

mismatch repair

functions to correct replication errors in newly made DNA, and to prevent recombination between related, but not identical DNA sequences

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23

nucleotide excision repair (NER)

removes lesions on the DNA caused by UV radiation or chemical damage

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24

uncorrected replication errors result in ___

mutations

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25

what are three different categories of mutations?

point, frameshift, and chromosome

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26

what is telomerase?

an enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres (the ends of chromosomes)

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27

what does transcription do?

converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA)

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28

what does translation do?

decodes mRNA into amino acids

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29

where does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

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30

where does translation occur?

in the ribosome

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31

what are the three types of RNA?

messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

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32

what does messenger RNA do?

carries protein info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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33

what does ribosomal RNA do?

decodes amino acids and links them together

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34

what does transfer RNA do?

serves as a link between the messenger RNA and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein

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35

what happens during initiation of transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene

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36

what happens during elongation of transcription?

RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand according to the base pairing

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37

what happens during termination of transcription?

RNA polymerase reaches the end of the DNA strand and detaches

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38

elongation occurs at a rate of __ nucleotides per second

40

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39

what happens during initiation of translation?

the first tRNA, mRNA, and ribosome get together

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40

what happens during elongation of translation?

the amino acid chain gets longer

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41

what happens during termination of translation?

a stop codon reaches the ribosome’s A site and mRNA leaves the ribosome

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42

every three bases (a triplet) specifies an __ to be included into a growing polypeptide chain

amino acid

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43

each base triplet in RNA is called a ___

codon

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44

what is the “start” codon?

AUG

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45
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46

eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during ___, ___, and ___

transcription and RNA processing, protein translation, and post-translational modifications of proteins

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