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Mammals are vertebrates that possess
hair and mammary glands
Modern mammals belong to 3 clades:
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
hair is composed of the protein
keratin
The functions of hair include
insulation, vibrissae (sensory mechanisms), protective coloration, and social signaling
The integument of animals include
sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, apocrine glands, and mammary glands
Mammary glands most likely evolved from
sebaceous or eccrine glands
The jaw of mammals, unlike other vertebrates, only consist of one bone, the
dentary
In mammals, the quadrate and articular bones moved into the
middle ear
The adductor muscles that close the jaw include
temporalis and masseter
Most mammals have ( ) teeth
heterodont
Most mammals are ( ), which means they have two sets of teeth
diphyodonts
Mammals posses a ( ) heart
four-chambered heart
Mammalian erythrocytes are not
nucleated
The kidneys of mammals have
a portion of the nephron loop called the loop of Henle, which allows mammals to produce urine with a higher concentration of solutes
Mammals lack a ( ) port system
renal
The skulls of mammals have
two occipital condyles
Turbinate bones are located in the nasal cavity of mammals and help
warm and moisten air as it is inhaled
The pelvic bone in mammals is
fused
Mammals typically have ( ) cervical vertebrae
7
Mammalian brains have a
highly convoluted and folded cerebral cortex and two optic lobes that are divided into two parts
Eutherian mammals have a ( ), which link the cerebral hemispheres together
corpus callosum
Mammals are synapsids, meaning
the have a single, ancestrally fused, postorbital opening in the skull
A key characteristic of all synapsids is
endothermy
In the appendicular skeleton, the shoulder girdle of mammals is modified in that
it does not possess a procoracoid bone or an interclavicle, and the scapula is the dominant bone
Monotremes include
platypus and four species of echidnas
Ornithorhynchidae include
the leathery-beaked platypus
Monotremes retain their eggs
through about 2/3rds of the developmental period and then lay them in the nest
In monotremes, babies hatch in a
fetal state and complete development in the nest
Marsupials are found in
Australia and the Americas
Most marsupials possess a pouch in which
the very premature young reside
Eutherians all possess a
chorioallantoic placenta
Eutherian mammals are divided into two clades:
Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria
Atlantogenata include
Afrotheria (elephants, hyraxes, and manatees) and the Xenarthra (anteaters, armadillos, and sloths)
The Boreoeutheria contain two large groups:
Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
Orders in the Euarchontoglires are
scandentia (tree shrews), Rodentia (rats, mice, squirrels, porcupines), Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares), and Primates (including humans)
Laurasiatherian orders include
Perissodactyla (horses and rhinos), Cetartiodactyla (cows, giraffes, pigs, hippos, and whales), Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears), and chiroptera (bats, flying foxes)