World History Final Review

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

A period of global transition of the human economy towards more efficient and stable manufacturing processes

Great Britain

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Agricultural Revolution

An unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain arising from increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries

Benefits of the Industrial Revolution

• Entrepreneurs gained a lot of wealth

• Created lots of new jobs

• Became easier to rise in the social hierarchy

• People took more pride in their work

• People found more comfort in their religion

• Women could work in factories

• Salaries increased

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

• Cities became overcrowded

• Poverty increased

• Factory conditions were poor

• The air quickly became polluted

• There were no limits to how long people could work for

• Women were paid half of what men were paid

• Children were overworked and abused

• A new disease called “cholera” began to spread in factories due to the overcrowded conditions

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Socialism

A political and economic system in which property and the means of production are owned in common, typically controlled by the state or government

Communism

A political and economic system that functions as a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed; extreme socialism

Adam Smith

A Scottish philosopher and economist during the 18th century who believed in capitalism

Karl Marx

A German philosopher during the 19th century who believed in communism

Congress of Vienna

A long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars through negotiation

Conservatism

Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation.

Liberalism

A political and social philosophy that promotes lots of change

Nationalism

The belief that people should be loyal to a nation of people with parallel beliefs and ideas; has the ability to bring people together, or tear them apart

Nation

A group of people that are unified by similar beliefs, culture, and ethnicity

Nation State

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent

Realpolitik

A system of politics or principles based on practical objectives rather than moral or ideological considerations

Blood and Iron

The name given to a speech made by Otto von Bismarck given on 30 September 1862; reliance on and use of force.

Austria-Hungary and The Ottoman Empire

What were the two main empires that broke up as a result of Nationalism?

Armenian Genocide

The systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I

Metternich

An Austrian politician and diplomat, suppressed nationalistic and democratic trends in Central Europe

Otto von Bismarck

A Prussian politician who became Germany's first-ever chancellor, a position in which he served from 1871 to 1890. Through a series of wars, he unified 39 individual states into one German nation in 1871

Wilhelm I

The king of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death in 1888; he became the first head of state of a united Germany

Garibaldi

Fought for Italian unity and almost single-handedly united northern and southern Italy; he led a volunteer army of guerrilla soldiers to capture Lombardy for Piedmont and later conquered Sicily and Naples, giving southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, who established the Kingdom of Italy

Cavour

Forged the Kingdom of Italy, designed the constitutional structure of the unitary state and served as its first prime minister was the second son of an aristocratic Piedmontese family

Mazzini

Organized a new political society called Young Italy. It was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification

Imperialism

The policy or practice of extending one country’s power and influence over others through diplomacy or by force

Social Darwinism

The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better

Motives for Imperialism

Countries would invade other countries because of

• Economics (resources, industry, and trade)

• Politics (territory and alliances)

• Ideology (beliefs, religion, and biases)

White Man’s Burden

The task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the inhabitants of their colonies

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European leaders that was orchestrated by Otto Von Bismarck to discuss what parts of Africa could be claimed by different European powers

Rubber and Ivory

Why was Leopold II motivated to colonize the Congo?

Leopold II

The founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885-1908

Britain and Netherlands

Which countries fought for control of the Cape Colony?

Diamonds and Gold

What motivated colonization of South Africa?

Sepoy Rebellion

A group of Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army that attempted to rebel against British Rule

Opium Wars

Fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and the United Kingdom, and was triggered by the Chinese government's campaign to enforce its prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants

Open-Door Policy

A policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century by the United States that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China

Boxer Rebellion

An uprising against foreigners that occurred in China around the year 1900

Boer Wars

A war between British Army and the Boers (Dutch) for control over South Africa

Sphere of Influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments, although it has no formal authority

British East India Company

A joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies, and later with East Asia

Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race

Nelson Mandela

A South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999

Disease, Geography and Military Power

Why was Africa able to withstand Imperialism for a long time?

Meiji Restoration

A political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji

Ruso-Japanese War

Military conflict primarily between The Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan

Sino-Japanese War

Military conflict primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan

Trade

What (generally) motivated imperialism on the continent of Asia?

Rudyard Kipling

An English novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist who is famous for creations such as The Jungle Book; created The White Man’s Burden

Meji Restoration

A political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

What did “MANIA” stand for?

Triple Alliance

The secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I

Triple Entente

The alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia; the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I

Assassination

Of the 5 main causes of war, which one was short term?

Allied Powers

Countries such as France, Russia, Britain came together to form the ______________

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were collectively referred to as the ______________

Schlieffen Plan

A strategy from Germany that called for attacking France through Belgium and attacking Russia after they defeated France

Trench Warfare

Combat where opposing troops attack from fortified trenches

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret message that sent to Mexico from Germany which instructed them to invade the United States; caused the United States to enter the war

First Battle of Marne

This battle would defeat the Germans and crush their Schlieffen Plan

Battle of Verdun and Somme

The longest battle in human history; there was lots of fighting and loss of life in exchange for little gains in land

Propaganda

Communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda

Total War

A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

A statement of principles that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I

League of Nations

The first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Treaty of Versailles

The Allied powers required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies

Franz Ferdinand

The Austria-Hungarian Duke that was assassinated before WWI

Gavrilo Princip

The person responsible for assassinating Franz Ferdinand

Woodrow Wilson

The U.S president that attempted to keep the peace with other nations by creating 14 points of peace

Tsar Nicholas II

The Russian Monarch during WWI; became unpopular after making poor decisions during the war

Paris Peace Conference

The formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers

Rhineland

A German region on the border of France that was demilitarized by France after the WWI ended

Russian Revolution

A period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire, begun during the First World War

Totalitarianism

A form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

Fascism

A mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen

Causes of WWII

• Treaty of Versailles

• Hyperinflation in Germany

• The Great Depression

• Hitler’s expansionist policies in Europe

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-Semitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935

Nazi Ideology

At its core, the Nazi worldview was racist and biological, positing that the so-called “Aryan” race – primarily the North Europeans – was the superior race of human beings

Lenin

Served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924

The Bolsheviks

The Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, which, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia in October of 1917

Mussolini

An Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party

Churchill

An inspirational statesman, writer, orator, and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War; he gave the “iron curtain speech directly after WWII

Stalin

A Soviet politician, political theorist, and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953; he came to power after getting rid of all his competitors

Hitler

An Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945; he rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933

Truman

The U.S president who helped arrange Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945, which ended World War II in Europe

Munich Conference

The leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia

Appeasement

The act of giving the opposing side in an argument or war an advantage that they have demanded, in order to prevent further disagreement

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

The Soviet Union and Nazi-Germany agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

A surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii,

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively

Manhattan Project

A research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons

Island Hopping

The strategy the U.S. used to capture islands in the Pacific Theater

Nuremberg War Trials

Held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II

Japan Surrendered

What happened after the atomic bombings in Japan?

Battle of the Coral Sea

The first aircraft carrier battle ever fought, and the first naval battle in which the opposing forces of surface ships at no stage sighted or fired at each other

Battle of Midway

A WWII naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan's first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots

Battle of Guadalcanal

The battle that ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy

Battle of Stalingrad

A major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia