Cardio III Resp I

basal metabolic rate BMR

• number of calories needed to keep the body functioning without moving

• higher BMR, higher HR

exercise

• builds up heart muscle

  • hypertrophy

  • slower HR

• increases venous return

blood flow depends on diameter of blood vessel

• larger

  • less resistance

  • faster flow

• smaller

  • more resistance

  • slower flow

• highest BP

  • aorta

• lowest BP

  • veins and vena cava

autoregulation

• controls amount of oxygen receive by cells

• local

• precapillary sphincters, arterioles

less O2

• dilation of blood vessels

• increased blood flow

• sends O2 to where it is needed

muscle exertion

• needs O2

• dilated blood vessels to heart and skeletal muscles

• constricts vessels to other parts of body

regulation of blood pressure

2

• baroreceptors

• RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

baroreceptors

• carotid bodies and aorta

  • stretch with raised BP

• reflex to medulla oblongata

• vagus nerve stimulation to decrease peripheral resistance

  • dilates blood vessels to lower BP

RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

• involved kidney and water balance

  • hormones affecting water loss

• increases BP

renin

• by the kidney

• detects low BP

• activates angiotensin

angiotensin

• from the liver

• activated by renin

• increases Na reabsorption in kidneys

• increased blood volume

• increased BP

  • triggers release of aldosterone

aldosterone

• from adrenal cortex

• decrease urinary output of water

• increases BP

autonomic nervous system controls

HR and BP

sympathetic includes

• thoracolumbar sympathetic trunk

• heart

• blood vessels

heart controls

• increase HR, changes rate of firing of SA node

• increase force of contraction and stroke volume

  • the amount of blood ejected with each heart contraction

• increased cardiac output

  • how much blood is pumped out by each ventricle each minute

blood vessels

control

• vasoconstriction overall

• vasodilation to blood vessels of heart, skeletal muscle

• increased BP

  • smaller diameter of other BV

  • increases resistance, force, BP

  • blood cannot flow through quickly

parasympathetic

craniosacral system

cranial nerve 10 vagus

• heart

  • decreases HR

  • less change in force and SV

  • decreases COP

• decreases BO

  • vasodilation in most vessels

    • less resistance

  • vasoconstriction of BV to heart and skeletal muscles

edema

• accumulation of interstitial fluid within the tissues

• increased hydrostatic pressure/increases colloid pressure

  • increased movement of water into interstitium 

starling forces

• hydrostatic vs oncotic pressure

edema causes

• increased hydrostatic pressure

• redacted plasma osmotic pressure

• lymphatic obstruction

• sodium retention

• inflammation

effusion

• extravascular fluid that accumulates in the body cavities or joints

  • hydrothorax

  • hydropericardium

  • hydroperitoneum

respiratory system

6

• external nares

• nasal passages

• sinuses

• pharynx

• trachea

• pleura

external nares

• nostrils

• hair and mucus

  • get rid of small particles

• lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia

nasal passages

• conchae and turbinates

  • increase surface area

• lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells

  • cilia remove debris

  • mucus for moisture

sinuses

• cranial and frontal

• increase surface area

pharynx

• common passageway for oral and nasal cavities at back of throat

• nasopharynx

  • caudal to nasal passages

• oropharynx

  • caudal to oral cavity

• divided by soft palate

trachea

• C shaped hyaline cartilage rings in mammals

  • most of wall

  • provides rigidity

• splits into right and left primary bronchi

  • split into secondary bronchi to lung lobes

split into secondary bronchi to lung lobes

• tertiary bronchi to smaller bronchioles

  • branch to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts

    • small bronchioles lose cartilage for more flexibility

alveoli

• air sacs

• clusters of grapes

• surrounded by capillaries

• simple squamous

• gas exchange

• lined with surfactant

  • lipid/protein complex

  • decrease surface tension

  • prevents alveolar collapse

respiratory membrane

• separation of air inside alveoli from blood in capillaries

• gasses mist diffuse across 4 layers

components of trachea

• some smooth trachealis muscle

• fibrous CT

• lumen

  • lined with pseudo stratified columnar with cilia

• cervical part and thoracic part

  • outside thoracic is parietal pleura made of simple squamous epithelium

larynx

• contains vocal cords

• mostly hyaline cartilage

• glottis  

  • opening

• epiglottis

  • elastic cartilage flap to cover glottis during swallowing 

pleura

• epithelium

• parietal pleasure

  • lines thoracic cavity

• mediastinum

  • formed in center

• visceral pleura

  • lines surface of lungs