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Wilhelm Wundt
Considered the father of psychology, he established the first psychology laboratory.
Structuralism
A school of thought that analyzes sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic elements.
Introspection
A method of self-observation where individuals examine their own conscious thoughts and feelings.
Functionalism
A perspective that focuses on the underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental processes.
Sigmund Freud
The founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
Psychodynamic perspective
Focuses on how childhood experiences and unconscious processes affect current behavior.
Cognitive perspective
Examines mental processes such as thinking and information processing.
Behavioral/Learning perspective
Assesses observable behavior and the effects of learning and environmental factors.
Biological perspective
Explores the physiological and genetic influences on behavior.
Humanistic perspective
Emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.
Socio-cultural perspective
Investigates how social and cultural influences affect behavior and thought processes.
Case Study
A research method that involves an in-depth analysis of an individual or group.
Naturalistic Observation
A research method where subjects are observed in their natural environment without interference.
Survey
A research tool used to gather information from a sample of individuals.
Correlation
A statistical method used to assess the relationship between two variables.
Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
The factor that is measured in an experiment to see how it is affected by changes in the independent variable.
Neuroscience perspective
Focuses on the relationship between brain processes and behavior.
Cognitive dissonance theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Social learning theory
Proposes that behavior is learned through modeling and reinforcement.
Action potential
The brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.
Synapse
The space between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
Endocrine system
The collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions.
Cerebellum
The part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance.
Hypothalamus
A brain region that controls the endocrine system and regulates many vital bodily functions.
Broca's area
An area of the frontal lobe responsible for speech production.
Wernicke's area
A region of the brain important for language comprehension.
Limbic system
A group of brain structures associated with emotion and memory.
Hippocampus
A structure in the limbic system involved in the formation of memories.
ACETYLCHOLINE
A neurotransmitter involved in muscle action and memory.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure.
Myelin sheath
A fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers and increases the speed of neural transmission.
Cognitive neuroscience
An interdisciplinary field that studies the brain mechanisms underlying cognition.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A theory that proposes a hierarchy of human needs, culminating in self-actualization.
Drive Theory
Suggests that physiological needs create a state of tension (drive) that motivates individuals to satisfy those needs.
Social facilitation
The tendency of individuals to perform differently when in the presence of others compared to when they are alone.
Locus of control
A psychological concept referring to how strongly individuals believe they have control over the events that influence their lives.
Attribution theory
A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior and that of others.
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