patterns of inheritance (2) L10

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on genetics, focusing on blood types, Hemolytic Disease of Newborn, gene interactions, and probability.

DPh factor

The Rhesus factor associated with blood types A, B, AB, and O. The presence of Rh+ means the person has the Rhesus factor.

HDFN

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, caused by the incompatibility between a Rh+ fetus and a Rh- mother.

Rh+ father

A father with Rhesus positive blood type who can pass on Rh antigens to a fetus.

Rh- mother

A mother without Rhesus antigens in her blood, which can lead to HDFN if carrying an Rh+ fetus.

Anti-Rh antibodies

Antibodies produced by an Rh- mother in response to Rh+ antigens from her fetus, which can affect subsequent pregnancies.

RhoGAM

An immunoglobulin given to Rh- mothers to prevent their immune system from producing anti-Rh antibodies.

Norm of Reaction

The effects of environmental variation on a phenotype, describing how different environments can influence the expression of genetic traits.

Gene Interaction

The phenomenon where most traits are influenced by multiple genes, and interactions between genes can determine the expression of traits.

Epistasis

A genetic interaction where the alleles of one gene mask the expression of another gene.

Polygenic trait

A trait controlled by two or more genes, resulting in a continuous variation of phenotypes.

Discrete traits

Traits that are clearly defined phenotypic variants, such as purple or white flowers.

Probability

The chance that an event will have a particular outcome, calculated as the ratio of the number of times an event occurs to the total number of possible outcomes.

Sampling Error

The deviation between observed outcomes and expected outcomes in genetics, which can be reduced by increasing sample size.

Product Rule

A principle in probability that the likelihood of two independent events occurring is the product of their individual probabilities.