Freshman bio acp midterm review

Ecology

interactions among organisms and their environment

Food webs

Show feeding relationships in ecosystems

the arrows show the direction of the energy flow

the arrows point towards the mouth of the organism that is eating.

Energy pyramid

The sun is the original source of all the energy on Earth.

Producer

The bottom of the pyramid is always a producer

Primary consumer

2nd trophic level is a primary consumer - eats producer.

Secondary consumer

3rd trophic level is a secondary consumer - eats primary consumer.

Tertiary consumer

4th trophic level is a tertiary (3rd) consumer - eats secondary consumer.

Energy usage

All organisms (including plants) use up 90% of the energy that they take in to survive

10% of the energy that an organism takes in builds up the organism's structure.

Predation

predator kills and eats the prey.

Competition

organisms fight over limited resources.

Parasitism

one organism benefits (parasite) and the other organism is harmed (host).

Mutualism

both organisms benefit from the relationship.

Commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is not affected.

Population

group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area.

Immigration

new individuals join a population

Emigration

individuals leave a population

Carrying capacity

Maximum number of individuals that an environment can support before resources run out.

Biotic limiting factors

predators

Abiotic limiting factors

climate and weather conditions

Biodiversity

all of the different species on Earth.

Autotrophs

producers = organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis.

Heterotrophs

consumers = organism that eat food.

Herbivores

eat only plants.

Carnivores

eat only meat.

Omnivores

eat plants and meat.

Decomposers

breakdown dead organisms (bacteria and fungi (mushrooms & mold)) - decomposition fertilizes the soil.

Water cycle

Transpiration: water evaporates from the leaves of plants into the atmosphere.

Carbon cycle

Factors that release CO2 into atmosphere: respiration

Photosynthesis

Only one factor removes CO2 from atmosphere

Nitrogen cycle

Bacteria on the roots of plants make unusable atmospheric nitrogen usable to plants.

Human population growth

Human population is rising exponentially.

Invasive species

humans bring organisms from one country to another

the invasive species don't belong where they end up

they have no natural predator

SPONCH

The most common elements in living things are Sulfur

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules that provide energy.

Monosaccharide

The building block of carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

A polymer of carbohydrates

Lipids

Organic molecules that store energy.

Fatty acid

The building block of lipids.

Protein

Organic molecules that build body and muscles.

Amino acid

The building block of proteins.

Nucleic acids

Organic molecules that carry genetic code.

Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids.

Enzymes

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

made of protein.

Homeostasis

Maintaining an internal balance

Organelles

Specialized structures in cells that carry out specific functions.

Prokaryotic cells

Small and simple cells

Eukaryotic cells

Larger and more complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Cell wall

Gives the plant cell structure and support.

Large central vacuole

Stores a lot of water needed for photosynthesis.

Nucleus

Controls cell activities and holds the DNA.

Mitochondria

Makes usable energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Vacuole

Stores food

Cell membrane

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and protein channels/pumps

Passive transport

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules from high to low concentration through the phospholipid bilayer.

Active transport

Movement of molecules from low to high concentrations through protein pumps

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants make their own food (glucose) using energy from sunlight.

Cellular Respiration

Process that breaks down food (glucose) into usable energy (ATP) and occurs in all eukaryotes.